1. Chapter 2
Basic Chemistry

2. Why are We Learning About Chemistry in A&P????
The entire body is composed of Chemicals
Those chemicals are continuously interacting in the body at a fast pace
Understanding the basics of chemistry will help you properly understand body functions.

3. Matter & Energy
Matter – The “stuff” of the universe. Matter is anything that has weight.
Solids
Liquids
Gaseous
Energy – In contrast to Matter it is anything that does not take up space.
It is measured by its effects on matter.
“ability to do work”
Kinetic energy – energy actually doing work (moving objects)
Potential energy – energy that is inactive or stored

4. ATP
ATP – Adenosine triphosphate – High energy chemical, the chemical energy of foods is trapped in the bonds of this chemical
Provides a form of energy usable by all body cells
Body could not function without ATP
Glucose could not be broken down
Cells could not maintain their boundaries
Life would end

5. Forms of Energy
Chemical – Stored in chemical substances. When broken, stored energy is released.
body runs on chemical energy
Electrical – movement of charged particles
Electrical current is generated when charged particles called ions move across cell membranes
Mechanical – directly involved in moving matter.
Movement of legs to walk or ride a bike
Radiant – travels in waves,
X-rays, radio, ultraviolet

6. Composition of Matter Elements & Atoms
Elements - unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
112 known elements ( alleged)
92 produced naturally
20 artificial

7. 4 Main Elements in the Body
Carbon - The primary elemental component of all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
18.5% of body mass
Oxygen – A major component of both organic and inorganic molecules; as a gas, essential to the oxidation of glucose and other food fuels, during which cellular energy (ATP) is produced
65.0 % of body mass
Hydrogen – A component of most organic molecules; in ionic form, influences the pH of body fluids
9.5% of body mass
Nitrogen – A component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)
3.2% of body mass
The 4 Make up 96% of our body weight

8. 9 Lesser Elements in the Body
Calcium – Found as salt in bones and teeth; required for muscle contraction, neural transmission and blood clotting
1.5% of body mass
Phosphorus – Present as a salt in combination with calcium, in bones and teeth; also present in nucleic acids and proteins, forms part of the high-energy compound ATP
1.0% of body mass
Potassium – Major intracellular cation: necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and for muscle contraction
0.4 of body mass
Sulfur – A component of proteins
0.3% of body mass

9. Cont.
Sodium – Major extracellular cation; water balance, conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
0.2% of body mass
Chlorine – major extracellular anion
Magnesium – present in bone, important cofactor for enzyme activity in a number of reactions
0.1% of body mass
Iodine – Needed to make functional thyroid hormones
Iron – component of functional hemoglobin molecules and some enzymes (RBCs)

10. Trace Elements Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Manganese Molybdenum
Selenium
Silicon
Tin
Vanadium
Zinc

11. Element Symbols You Need to Know
Oxygen O
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Nitrogen N
Calcium Ca
Phosphorus P
Potassium K
Sulfur S
Sodium Na
Chlorine CL
Magnesium Mg
Iodine I
Iron Fe

12. Atoms
The building block of an element, or the smallest particle that still retains its special properties
Three subatomic particles
Protons – have + charge
Neutrons – neutral (no charge)
Electrons – have – charge
All atoms are electrically neutral (same # of protons and electrons

13. Molecules & Compounds Molecule – 2 or more atoms combine chemically.
If they are both the same then a molecule of that element is produced
Ex. H + H = H2
Compound – two or more different atoms bind together
Ex. 4H + C = CH4 (methane)

14. Biochemistry The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
All chemicals in the body are either inorganic or organic
1. Inorganic Compounds
a. Water
* has high heat capacity
* 2/3rds of body weight
* universal solvent
* reactant
* cushion – protects
b. Salts
* ionic compounds that easily separate into ions
* vital to body function (nerve impulses & hgb)
* considered electrolytes
* ionize & dissociate in h2o, conducting electrical current

15. Acids Also an electrolyte Sour taste Can dissolve metals
Can release hydrogen
Bases
Another electrolyte
Bitter taste

16. pH
Acid-Base Concentrations – relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units called pH.
Ranges from 0 – 14
pH of 7 is neutral
pH < 7 is acidic
pH > 7 is basic or alkaline

17. pH in Blood Normal human blood pH 7.35 – 7.45
When our pH is altered the body will fail and death can occur.

18. 2. Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharides
Sugars and starches
Monosaccharide
Sugar / “simple sugar”
GLUCOSE
Disaccharides
Double sugars
Sucrose and lactose
Polysaccharides
Many sugars
Storage
Starch and glycogen

19. Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Proteins Enzymes
From fat-marbled meat, egg yolks, milk & oil
Triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
Triglycerides
Neutral fats
Fatty acids and glycerol
Phospholipids
2 Fatty acid chains
Steroids
Fat soluble
cholesterol
Proteins
50% of organic matter in the body
Various functions
Construction & cell function
amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
Fibrous and Globular Proteins
Enzymes
Functional proteins that act as biological catalysts to increase the rate of a chemical reaction.

20. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Nucleic Acids
Make up the genes or blueprint of life
RNA & DNA
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
All important
Provides a form of chemical energy that is usable by all body cells