1. 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
Understanding:
The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses
When species are discovered they are given scientific names
Taxonomists classify using taxa
All organisms classified into 3 domains
Principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
In a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestor
Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows a previous taxon contains species evolved from a different ancestor
Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group
Applications
Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level
External recognition features of bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes and angiospermophytes
Recognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelide, mollusca and arthropoda, chordata
Recognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish
Skills
Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens
Nature of science:
Cooperation and collaboration between groups of scientists: scientists use the binomial system to identify a species rather than the many different local names

2. 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
Understanding:
The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses
When species are discovered they are given scientific names
Taxonomists classify using taxa
All organisms classified into 3 domains
Principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
In a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestor
Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows a previous taxon contains species evolved from a different ancestor
Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group
Applications
Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level
External recognition features of bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes and angiospermophytes
Recognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelide, mollusca and arthropoda
Recognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish
Skills
Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens
Nature of science:
Cooperation and collaboration between groups of scientists: scientists use the binomial system to identify a species rather than the many different local names

3. Recognition of features: 3. Vertebrates (chordata)
Plant phyla
External recognition of features of bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes, and angiospermophytes
2. Animal phyla
Recognise features of porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca, and arthropoda
3. Vertebrates (chordata)
Recognise features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish

4. Plants Plants classified together in one kingdom
Every plant is made by male and female gametes fusing together.
Embryos develop in different ways for different types of plants
Therefore put into different phyla
Four main phyla
Bryophyta (mosses/liverworts/hornworts)
Filicinophyta (ferns)
Coniferophyta (conifers)
Angiospermophyta (flowering plants)

5. Animals divided into over 30 phyla based on characteristics
You need to know 6 phyla
Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria (corals/jellyfish)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Mollusca (snails)
Annelida (leeches)
Arthropoda (insects)

6. Vertebrates Most species of chordate belong to one of 5 major classes.
Birds
Mammals
Amphibians
Reptiles
Fish

7. Plants Animals Vertebrates
For each phyla identify the following features:
Vegetative organs (growth rather than reproduction)
Vascular tissue (transport – xylem and phloem)
Cambium (cells to reproduce xylem and phloem)
Pollen (male gametes)
Ovules (contains female gametes)
Seeds
Fruits
For each of the phyla you must know about the following:
Mouth/anus
Symmetry
Skeleton
Other external recognition features
For each vertebrate – find out about the following:
Skin
How they breathe
Limbs
How they move
How they reproduce and where
Where they live (marine or terrestrial)
Teeth?
Body temperature
Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria (corals/jellyfish)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Mollusca (snails)
Annelida (leeches)
Arthropoda (insects)
Bryophyta (mosses/liverworts/hornworts)
Filicinophyta (ferns)
Coniferophyta (conifers)
Angiospermophyta (flowering plants)
Birds
Mammals
Amphibians
Reptiles
Fish
Presentations dates:
Give examples!

8. Vegetative Organs (growth)
Plants
Bryophyta
Filicinophyta
Conferophyta
Angiospermophyta
Vegetative Organs (growth)
Vascular Tissue (transport)
Cambium (produces vascular tissues)
Pollen (contain male gametes)
Ovules (contain female gametes)
Seeds (dispersible unit containing embryo)
Fruits (seeds together with fruit wall)

9. Other external features
Animals
Mouth/Anus
Symmetry
Skeleton
Other external features
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda

10. Vertebrates
Bony ray fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Skin
Breathing
Limbs
Movement
Reproduce
Habitat
Teeth
Body temperature

11. Why are supermarkets organised like this?

12. All living things arranged into groups according to their similarities
Classification…
All living things arranged into groups according to their similarities

13. HOW DO WE IDENTIFY LIVING THINGS?

14. Living things… N M G R E H

15. Living things… Nutrition Metabolism Growth Response Excretion
Homeostasis
Reproduction

16. The 3 domains Eukaryotes Eubacteria (prokaryote) Archaea (prokaryote)
Understanding:
All organisms classified into 3 domains

18. What is the difference? Feature Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota
Histones associated with DNA
Presence of introns
Structure of cell walls
Cell membrane differences
2 extra oxygens on D form
Different bonds ester =
Understanding:
All organisms classified into 3 domains

19. What is the difference? Feature Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota
Histones associated with DNA
Absent
Proteins similar to histones bound to DNA
Present
Presence of introns
Rare or absent
Present in some genus
Frequent
Structure of cell walls
Made of chemical called peptidoglycan
Not made of peptidoglycan
Not always present
Cell membrane differences
Glycerol-ester lipids; unbranched side chains; d-form of glycerol
Glycerol-ether lipids; unbranched side chains; l-form of glycerol
2 extra oxygens on D form
Different bonds ester =
Understanding:
All organisms classified into 3 domains

21. Eukaryotes are classified using principal taxa
Classification
Eukaryotes are classified using principal taxa
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species K P
Crisps
Only
For
Good
Students
Understanding:
Principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Taxonomists classify using taxa

22. Who am I? Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae
Canis
lupus
Applications
Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level

24. Who am I? Kingdom Find one for a plant you like Phylum Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Find one for a plant you like
You need to remember them
(If you don’t like the one for wolf you can find a different animal one too!)
Applications
Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level

25. Classification becomes more specific
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae
Canis
lupus
Applications
Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level

26. The same species can have many different local names.
Naming Species
The same species can have many different local names.
Lords and ladies
Cuckoo pint
Devils and angels
Cows and bulls
Willy Lily
Snakes meat
Arum maculatum
Understanding:
When species are discovered they are given scientific names
Taxonomists classify using taxa

27. Naming Species Ensures all scientists use same names
Cooperation and collaboration between scientists
Ensures all scientists use same names
Decided by different animal and plant congresses
Nature of science:
Cooperation and collaboration between groups of scientists: scientists use the binomial system to identify a species rather than the many different local names

28. Binomial Names
Genus and species
Rules:
Genus name begins with upper case letter and species name with lower case
Italics
Can be abbreviated once if used already: A.maculatum
Understanding:
The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses
When species are discovered they are given scientific names

29. Natural Classification
Classify organisms in a way that closely follows evolution
Members of a genus should have a common ancestor
Members of the group share many characteristics
Unnatural classification – grouping birds, bats and insects because they fly
Flight evolved separately in these groups and they have very big differences otherwise
Understanding:
In a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestor

30. Why do classification? Identification of species is easier
Go through each taxa step by step – assign a kingdom, then a phylum
Dichotomous keys can be used to help with the process
Not easy with unnatural classification
2. Prediction of characteristics
Inherited similar characteristics from common ancestor
Could not do this if we used unnatural classification
E.G find a new species of bat – we know it has mammalian features (could not do if grouped with birds)
Understanding:
In a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestor
Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group

31. Reclassification
New evidence may show that members do not share a common ancestor
Split group up into more taxa
(or two groups are found to be more similar – merge the groups)
Understanding:
Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows a previous taxon contains species evolved from a different ancestor

32. Living things grouped together due to similarities
Dichotomous Keys
Living things grouped together due to similarities
Skills
Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens

33. What are these?
BIRDS

34. What are these?
MAMMALS

35. What are these?
FISH

36. We can create a dichotomous/branching key to split these animals up.
To do this we need to ask questions about them to find their differences.
How are fish, mammals and birds different?
Skills
Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens

37. BIRDS
Feathers
MAMMALS
Fur
FISH
Scales

38. This is how we construct a dichotomous key…
Does it have scales?
yes
Does it have feathers? no
yes no

39. Dichotomous Keys
You need to be able to read two different types of dichotomous key and be able to create your own.
Complete the classification worksheets
Create your own dichotomous/branching key using 5 animals of your choice
Turn the your classification key from point 2 into the second type of key
Skills
Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens