1. What were the consequences of the French Revol.?

2. Long term conseq. of the French Revol.
There were Europ. revol. at smaller scale in France, German states, Italy, Romanian states, Hungary in 1848; they were defeated
Small nations wanted to get unified in national states & have their own countries
Effects
a)Social equality
b)Liberation from foreign rule
c)Voting rights for all men

3. What were the causes of the abolition of slavery?

4. Abolition of slavery Countries that abolish slavery
1807,1834-emancipation of slaves (U.K)
1888- in Brazil
1861-abolistion of serfdom in Russia
In U.S.,slavery was abolished as a result of a civil war,
The use of slavery increased in W Africa in 19th C.
Slaves were replaced by indentured servants.

5. Causes of abolition
Main cause of abolition: Slavery was not longer necessary for econ. progress due to the Industrial Revol.
Secondary causes:
a) Enlightenment ideas.
b) It was morally wrong
After abolition( not many changes)
-socially: former slaves were free
-polit.: they have no right to vote
-econ.: they were poorly paid.

6. To whom were people loyal before the birth of nationalism?
What were the result of the abolition of slavery? Define nationalism Why was nationalism born only in the 19th Century?
To whom were people loyal before the birth of nationalism?

7. Long terms effect of revolutions
a) The birth of nations
Before 19th C: local loyalties( clan, village, city, region),local loyalties became weaker due to people’s migration to cities and science.
After 19th Century: Nation-an ethnic group that shares the same lang., religion, culture, territory, past.
Factors of nationalism:
a)Napoleon’s conquest-determined resistance
b)Migration to cities and abroad
c)National lang. –result of printing press

8. What were the effects of nationalism?

9. 19th century Europe

10. Effects of Nationalism
1)Unification of countries that were still fragmented: Germany(1870)and Italy( 1871)
2) For powerful countries :England & France: to have more power=to conquer land & have colonies
3)The small nations that were part of large empires fought to
Break away from the empires.
To get unify & have their own small countries: ex. in Central & E. Europe

11. Effects of nationalism
b) example: in Central & E Europe( Greeks, Hungarians, Romanians)
Civic nationalism: the common citizens cared a lot about political life & what colonies their country get.

12. Germany
Before unif.
After unif.

13. German unification
Otto von Bismarck made 3 wars the led to German unification.
1st war was Prussia against Denmark( 1864)
2nd war was against Prussia(1866)
Franco-Prussian war( 1870)
Prussia( Germany ) gained territory from each of the wars
1871: Bismarck founded the new German Empire led by Keiser Wilhelm of Hohenzollern and Bismarck.

14. Italy
Before unif.
After unif.

15. Italian Unification
Italy was divided among many kingdoms & city-states.
Cavour-( prime –minister of Piedmont –Sardinia) was the architect of the Italian unification.

16. Italian unification
1858 Cavour made Napoleon III start a war against Austria( which has weaken the Austrian influence on Italian states).
C. adopted the revolutionary philosophy of G. Mazzini( Risorgimento).
Cavour allied with the Red Shirts led by G. Garibaldi( which was fighting in S Italy, in the kingdom of Naples).

17. Zionism
The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland in the Middle East.
Leader T. Herzl.
Zionism’s goal was achieved in 1948 when Israel was born.

18. What was the feminism movement?
What were the achievements and the limitations of the 19th C feminism?

19. 19th century feminism Achievements:
a) mass movement, transatlantic, involved middle & upper class women
b) Increased literacy for women, they were accepted in univ.
Maternal feminism based its claims of equal rights based on women’ rights as mothers.
Only in N. Zeeland( 1893) & Finland ( 1906) women got the right to vote.
Ex. of feminists: E. Stanton, L. Mott, M. Wollstonecraft.

20. Completions to the lesson
The beneficiaries of the Atlantic Revolutions were the middle class white men.
All the revolutions shared a common political vocab.
French Revol. tried to recreate society form scratch.
The outcome of the American Revol.: accelerated the democratic tendencies of the colonial societies.
The Haitian Revol. was the only successful slave revolt in world history.

21. Completion to the lesson
The peoples conquered by Napoleon accepted his reforms, but revolted against French control.
In the 2nd half of the 19th century, after the abolishment of slavery, the use of slaves increase in West Africa.
The revol. in Spanish America took longer b/c of peoples’ division of race, class and interests.

22. Completion to the lesson
During their fight for indep. the creoles in Latin America was afraid of the social unrest form the lower classes.
Main reason for the abolition of slavery: it was not longer necessary for econ. progress.
Feminism: in Western countries became a mass movement.
Maternal feminism: was based on the distinctive role of women as mothers.