1. Chapter 16 Exploration and Expansion

2. Section 1 Voyages of Discovery

3. Age of Exploration

4. Why? (Causes) Renaissance Gospel Gold Glory
Spirit of discovery and innovation
Gospel
Protestant Reformation
Spread new religions
Gold
Find new wealth
Glory
Honor to their names

5. How? Compass Astrolabe Deep-Draft ships China
Always know where north is
Astrolabe
Muslims
Calculate location using stars and sun relative to horizon
Deep-Draft ships
Lower in the water
Handle rougher water
Carry more cargo

6. New Ship! Caravel Light and fast, more maneuverable
Rear (stern) rudder steered
Lateen sails
Triangular
Catch wind at any angle
Could be fitted with weapons

7. Who?

8. Portugal

9. Prince Henry Henry the Navigator (Not actually an explorer…$$$)
Atlantic Islands
Africa
Gold and Slaves
Ultimate Goal
Water route from Africa to India

10. Bartolomeu Dias 1488 First to sail around Cape of Good Hope
Storms forced him and crew back

11. Vasco da Gama 1497 Pedro Cabral Set out for India
Stopped in African ports
Muslim
Pedro Cabral
Sailed west
Brazil

12. Spain

13. Christopher Columbus 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella
Sail around the world to India and China
Reached island in Caribbean
Indians
Brought back jewels, gold, plants, parrots and natives
Credited for discovering America

15. Amerigo Vespucci 1502 Realized Columbus had found new land
Named America in his honor

16. Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1513 Cross Isthmus of Panama Rough trip
First European to reach Pacific Ocean

17. Ferdinand Magellan 1519 Sail around the world (circumnavigate)
5 ships and 250 men
Sailors mutinied
Months to reach Philippines
Magellan killed by natives on Philippines
Led back to Spain by Juan Sebastian de Elcano

19. England

20. John Cabot 1497 Sailed to Atlantic Coast of Canada
Fleet vanished on second voyage

21. Sir Francis Drake Sailed around South America California
Tried to go north around North America
Went west around world back to England
2nd man to circumnavigate globe

22. Henry Hudson 1607 Shorter route to Asia Also sailed for Dutch 1609
Searched for route through North America
Explored Hudson Bay and River

23. French

24. Jacques Cartier 1534 Looking for Northwest Passage St. Lawrence River
Claimed area as New France (Canada)

25. Section 2 Conquest and Colonies

26. Spain

27. Caribbean Cuba and Hispaniola No gold Set up encomienda system
Colonist given land and Native Americans to work land
Had to teach Christianity
Overworked, mistreated, diseases

28. Mexico Hernan Cortes Conquered Aztecs
conquistador
Conquered Aztecs
Used others to defeat Moctezuma II
Metal weapons, guns, armor, horses, diseases
Attacked Tenochtitlan (Aztec capital)
Thousands of Natives

29. Peru Francisco Pizarro Search for Inca fortune Inca’s weakened
Atahualpa
Refused to turn empire over to Spain
Taken prisoner and killed
Spanish took over empire

30. Governing the Spanish Colonies
Viceroys
Chosen officials
Gold, silver and farming
Native Americans used
90% die
Bartolome de Las Casas
Use imported Africans instead
Became common practice

31. Portuguese

32. Treaty of Tordesillas Imaginary line drawn in 1494
West belong to Spain
East belong to Portugal

35. Brazil Dense, heavy jungle No hurry to settle 1530s settle coast
Mining difficult
No hurry to settle
1530s settle coast
Huge plantations
Natives used first then Africans

36. French

37. New France (Canada) No gold or silver but something just as good Fur
Lynx, otter, BEAVER!!
Fish from North Atlantic
Not many colonists
Did not enslave Africans
Used Natives as hunters for them
Quebec 1608

38. Louisiana 1682 Rene-Robert La Salle
Canoed down Mississippi River
Claimed land along the way for France
Named after King Louis XIV

39. Dutch

40. New Netherlands Located on Hudson River Later becomes New York
Did not grow like others countries colonies
More interested in other parts of world
Caribbean
Sugar
Southeast Asia
spices

41. English

42. North America Jamestown Plymouth, Massachusetts
1607
Gold and silver---NOT
Marshy land
80% die out in first winter
Plymouth, Massachusetts
Pilgrims
English did not treat the Natives as well as Dutch and French

43. French and Indian War English settling French land in Ohio Valley
1754 war breaks out
French surrendered
Gave up Canada
All French land east of Mississippi
English king placed cost of war on American English colonies
Led to American Revolution

46. Section 3 New Patterns of Trade

47. Columbian Exchange Exchange of goods from Europe to Americas
Items neither area had
Made life easier and/or more profitable

49. Effects of the Columbian Exchange
New products from Americas became a staple in Europe
Tomatoes--Italy
Corn—China
1/3 of all crops around the world came from Americas

50. Decline of Natives Diseases from Europe No natural immunity or defense
Warfare and violence
Inca population fell
13 mil in 1492 to 2 mil in 1600
North American population fell
2 mil in 1492 to 500,000 in 1900

51. Mercantilism Nations strength depends on its wealth
Competition for wealth
Take what you need
Favorable Balance of Trade
Export more than you import
Tariffs
Export finished products not raw materials
Control your own raw materials
Save your money
Not dependant on other nations

53. Colonies Mercantilism led to the need for them
Colonies exist solely for the benefit of “Mother Country”
Colonies trade was restricted
European Impact
Cities and town grew
European merchants gained power

54. Rise of Capitalism Private individual control economic activity
Increased wealth led to business ventures
Prices rose
Demand increase
Supply of gold and silver in Europe

55. Joint Stock Companies Investors buy shares in companies
Gain $ if company gains
Only lose original investment
British East India company
Import spices from Asia
Virginia Company of London
Settle Jamestown

56. Section 4 Atlantic Slave Trade

58. Why the need for slaves? Huge plantations in Americas
Sugar and tobacco
Indentured servants used first
Not enough to supply need
How?
Some sold by African kings for European firearms
Some kidnapped by slave traders

60. Triangular Slave Trade
1st leg of Triangle
European goods to Africa to trade for slaves
2nd leg of Triangle
MIDDLE PASSAGE
Africans to Americas for slave trade
3-6 months of terrible treatment
3rd leg of Triangle
American goods (rice, sugar, tobacco) to Europe

62. Slavery in the Colonies
Living conditions
Take care of needs after owners jobs completed
Treated harsh
Some kept trades
Resistance
Keeping culture
religion
Slow down and break tools
Sometimes rebellion

63. Effects 15-20 mil Africans shipped to Americas Future leaders
Caused wars in Africa
Freedom taken
Death
Economies of the world flourished
Rice in southern colonies
AFRICAN DIASPORA
Diffusion of African culture through Western World