1. Pre-Industrial European Economy
European explorers came to Canada because they were looking for more resources.
More Europeans arrived and began to settle in Canada.
They introduced the use of technology.
They began to take resources and use them to make a profit.
The fur trade became a big part of the economy.
They created more trade routes and began selling products.
The economy grew from this to what it is today.

2. European Newcomers
Beginning about 1500, Europeans began arriving in North America.
They came from many different nations and cultures but most had some economic ideas in common.

3. 3 Main Reasons for European Immigration
To North America
European nations wanted to own more land and were in competition for territory in the “new world”
Some Europeans believed their culture, especially their religious beliefs, should be spread around the world
Individual Europeans were looking for economic opportunities in the “new world”

4. Private land ownership is a very important idea in European culture
Private land ownership is a very important idea in European culture. Most of the land in Europe was owned by the royal families (the monarchy) and the nobility.
This meant that most people had to rent the land or work it for landowners in order to have a place to live.
This led to some people being very wealthy but most people living in poverty.

5. Many European families came to North America hoping to be given or to buy a piece of land on their own.
Europeans also came looking for natural resources such as fish, timber, furs, seal oil and pelts, and minerals to sell back in Europe.
Once they arrived in Canada they wanted to set up what they had already been doing in Europe.

6. Production
used metal tools and made most things by hand.
Made goods with the help of animals.
Goods were produced by people who were skilled in one trade.
Until the Industrial Revolution in the 1700’s, this economy was still pre-industrial.

7. In most villages in Europe, some people specialized in making one type of thing. For example, a village usually had a blacksmith who did metal work, bakers, shoemakers, dressmakers, weavers, and coopers.
Cooper: a person, usually a man, who made
barrels.

8. In the countryside, outside the villages, towns, and cities, people were more self-reliant and produced most of their own goods.
Women would spin sheep fleece into wool and then weave it into cloth. Men would make their own barrels. When these people began to move to North America these skills were useful because there were no towns where people performed these skills so the newcomers had to make the things they needed by themselves.

9. Distribution Worked to make a profit Traded
Bought and sold through markets
Used money to buy and sell

10. artifact: items we have from the past
Distribution
In Europe the economic system was based on the idea that if you owned land, or a resource, you had the right to make as much profit from it as you could.
The most common way to distribute goods and services was through markets.

11. In other words, if you wanted something you could buy it with money; if you had something you did not need you could sell it.
Remember, the newcomers from Europe did not have markets in North America so they had to be self-reliant.

12. Questions
Read page and answer the questions below in complete sentences.
What were the three key resources that the Europeans came looking for in Canada?
Why was each resource so important to them?

13. The three (3) main resources that attracted Europeans to North America
The Big 3 Resources
The three (3) main resources that attracted Europeans to North America
Fish
Fur
Timber
The millions of codfish in the waters around Newfoundland and Labrador
were very valuable to Europeans.

14. The Big 3 Resources
Some religious beliefs that said, on certain days, you could not eat meat; fish was important on these days.
England was the most successful country at catching fish.
The Newfoundland fishery was, at first, migratory.

15. The Big 3 Resources Migratory: to pass periodically from
one region or climate to another
for feeding, breeding, hunting,
or fishing.
This meant that the Europeans would arrive in the spring, fish until the fall, and return to Europe before the cold winter weather and storms.

16. Fur hats were in high demand in Europe.
The Big 3 Resources
In the early 1700’s, European people began to live permanently on the island of Newfoundland. This was the beginning of the North American fishing industry.
Fur
Fur hats were in high demand in Europe.
Timber
By the time Europeans began to arrive in the “new world” the great forests of Europe has long been cut down.

17. The Big 3 Resources
Europe still had trees but nothing like the tall, thick ones found in North America.
This wood was in demand for ship building.

18. *Dec 3rd
Contact: the term historians use to refer to the time when Europeans first came to North America and encountered Aboriginal people.
The arrival of newcomers eventually caused serious problems for Aboriginal people.
Contact first occurred on the Atlantic coast but the pattern of events that happened on The Atlantic repeated over and over again as the Europeans moved west.

19. When the First Nations people of the Maritimes first encountered Europeans they were curious about them.
The Europeans did not know how to survive in this new land so they badly needed the help the First Nations offered.
Both groups got an economic benefit from contact. The natives got goods such as metal knives and pots; the Europeans were interested in getting furs.

20. The Economic Cycle Begins
The Aboriginal people hunted for the furs and gave them to the Europeans in exchange for goods. This was called the Fur Trade.
Because they did not have time to hunt their own food and live off the land, they were now dependent on the Europeans for survival.
They needed to work and earn their payment.
This was the beginning of the Economic cycle we have today.

21. Treaties
There were some conflicts between the newcomers and First Nations from the very beginning of contact.
Additionally, the French and English sometimes fought for control of areas.
Eventually, Great Britain gained the most power in the Maritimes and the Atlantic coast.

22. Both the British and the Aboriginals believed that making treaties would help them get along.
Treaty: an agreement between two or more
nations.
Treaties are made for reasons such as:
1) to settle a war
2) to agree on economic issues
A treaty sets out each nations’ rights, responsibilities, and is meant to be honoured and respected.

23. The British believed the treaties would ensure that First Nations groups would side with them in any conflicts with France.
First Nations believed that the treaties would ensure peace and allow them to maintain their way of life.
First Nations people of the Maritimes had already witnessed the problems caused in Maine and New England by British settlers taking over First Nations territories.

24. Between 1717 and 1779 Great Britain and First Nations groups signed a number of treaties.
Covenant Chain
of Treaties: A series of treaties between Great Britain and
Maritimes First Nations people signed over a
62 year period. These agreements were
connected to each other. The agreements were
all different but had several key points. They
were also called the Treaties of Peace and
Friendship.

25. The Three Main Ideas of the Covenant
Chain of Treaties
First Nations agreed to act peacefully toward the British.
The British agreed to respect First Nations rights.
First Nations DID NOT give up land or natural resources to Britain.
These treaties are still in force today and apply to the Mi’kmaq, the Passamaquoddy, and the Maliseet of the Maritimes.

26. The Effects of the Fur Trade
The traditional hunting and gathering economy of Canada’s aboriginal people changed because of the fur trade.
Before the fur trade the people spent large parts of the year hunting, fishing, and gathering food such as eggs, plants, and berries. This way they found the best food sources at the different times of the year.
With the beginning of the fur trade the native population began to spend more time hunting animals such as fox and beaver. The pelts/furs of these animals was highly valued by the Europeans but the animals did not provide much food.

27. Because people were not spending as much time looking after their own needs for food they became reliant on European goods such as flour and cloth.
It became a cycle. They hunted furs so they could get trade/European goods and they needed trade/European goods because they were hunting for fur, not food.

28. The economy created by the fur trade could not continue forever
The economy created by the fur trade could not continue forever. Eventually, the animal population in an area would get so low that people could not get enough fur to trade for the things they wanted.
As the supplies of fur on the Atlantic coast grew less due to hunting for fur, the European people continued to move west where there were still plenty of fur-bearing animals.

30. When the Europeans moved west First Nations people were left with a serious problem. How would they now meet their basic needs?
They could go back to their traditional fishing, hunting, and gathering but, that was not easy to do. There were now too many European settlements and villages to allow the natives to continue their old way of life.

31. The Effect of European Settlement
More and more Europeans came to North America. At first, the First Nations people did not see this as a problem.
First Nations people were used to sharing the land however, the idea of private land ownership was new to them and did not mix well with the traditional way of life that First Nations has lived before the Europeans arrived.

32. The Effect of European Settlement
Forests were cut down, land was fenced for farming, roads were built, towns began to develop. This meant there were fewer and fewer good areas for hunting.
The newcomers began to take over rivers, lakes, and areas along the ocean that provided important food sources.
The European settlers were not sharing the land-they kept more and more of it for themselves.
This was not what the First Nations people expected when they agreed to the treaties with the British.

33. The Effect of European Settlement
To add to these problems most European settlers believed their economic, political and cultural ideas were superior to those of the First Nations people.
Ethnocentrism: The belief that one’s culture
and way of doing things is
better, or superior to other
people’s.

34. The Effect of European Settlement
Most Europeans thought the First Nations people would die off, learn to become like Europeans, or just move somewhere else.
They did not let the Mi’kmaq, Passamaquoddy, or Maliseet take part in the new economy that was developing.

35. Assignment
Read page and answer the questions (given to you on a handout).

36. Industrial Economy
In the 1700’s, a few centuries later, the economy evolved.
The assembly line was invented.
Factories were created.
This began the use of technology for mass-production of products.
Developments in transportation technology allowed more distribution (car, railway, etc)
Complete the “Industrial Revolution” assignment

37. Questions
What is the difference between Production and Distribution of products?
When was the Industrial Revolution and what happened during that time to change the economy?

38. Post-Industrial Economy
The economy we have now is post-industrial (post = after)
Complete the chart below
Post-Industrial Production Methods
Post-Industrial Distribution Methods

39. Post-Industrial Economy of Today
Now we have even more technology that is changing our economy (computers, internet, digital technologies, etc)
More efficient production methods (factories, computerized machines, robotic technology, etc)
More efficient distribution methods (planes, overnight shipping, ordering online, mass transportation, chain stores)

40. How it’s Made For each product, answer the following: Name of product
How it is produced (made)
How it is distributed (sold)