1. Factories, Cities, Families in the Industrial Age
Industrial Revolution

2. Introduction
“new creations springing into life every year bordered on the fabulous”- German visitor describes Britain in 1828 Laissez-Faire economics, Machines and Factories and the consequences of them Economic Prosperity combined with social prosperity and severe depression and the creation of a new class of people “accumulation of misery endured by the thousands” 1830 “who would want the prosperity of Liverpool and Manchester in France…right beside the base miseries offered by the manufacturing establishments?”

4. Britain
1780s and 1850’s astonishing developments transformed economic and social life in Britain (the continent must wait until closer to the 1850’s)
Previous picture- romanticized vision of nature and the countryside in stark contrast to the misery of the cities
By 1850 over half of Britain’s population lived in cities, railroads crisscrossed across the island quickly and cheaply, laissez-faire economics motivated individuals to innovate and use innovations

5. Revolution See handout- Why the west and not the east?
British Unique set of advantages?
China and Great Britain

6. Benefits vs. Burdens Edward Baines- Andrew Ure Frederick Engels
Sadler Report
Capital and Labour

7. Industrialization Spreads to the Continent
1830’s- beginning process of industrialization of continental countries
Belgium, North-Eastern France, Northern German states and northwestern Italy
Continental governments would in fact be more supportive of the industrialization than the British rulers had who were laissez faire about it
Tariffs to protect against British goods and massive subsidization of their new industries
Military potential
Zollverein

8. Industrialization Spreads to the Continent
Southern, Central and Eastern Europe remained virtually untouched by the revolution
Tradition and rural character remains- any railways or machine purchased were for military purposes
Countries that could not produce materials in the same way could not sell their goods on international markets- Spain and Russia
Anywhere in these lands that did build factories had British technicians and industrialists hired

10. Benefits and Burdens
Population growth occurred at the same time- better food staples, earlier marriages and declining mortality rates
Thomas Malthus population growth will outstrip food supplies
David Ricardo rising population would restrict working wages to only subsistence levels
Regardless- personal income rose- wherever industrialization started
But who was receiving the riches????- Capital and Labour

11. The Middle Class vs. The Working Class
Middle class- bourgeoisie- minority of population benefitted- industrial entrepreneurs
Common occurrence- boom and busts- Charles Dickens
“heads that invent…the hands that execute, the enterprise that projects, and the capital by which these projects are carried into operation all come from the middle class”- James Mill

14. The Working Class Labourers- farmers, artisans to factor labourers
Long hours, harsh conditions- the reason- “reducing hours would instantly reduce the value of my mill and machines…every machine is valuable in proportion to the quantity of work which it will turn off in a given time”
Women and children were cheaper and therefore hired more often
Disciplinary rules- see handout
By industrial wages were higher than agricultural- but food costs were 2 thirds higher in the cities

15. The Working Class
Wages was only one stress- employment itself, downturns, Great Hunger of 1840’s, no insurance and physical injury
1840’s the British military turned away 90% of all volunteers from urban centers due to ill health
Lifestyle changes- unnatural work rhythms, cash, terrible living conditions- STRESS- alcohol and other leisure devices
A return to the lifestyle of the traditional and communal- romanticism, nationalism

16. Class Consciousness
Solidarity in the struggles they all faced- beginning stages of union movements- skilled vs. non-skilled
“We are as one”, “Workers of the World Unite…”
Luddism- 1811

17. Family Ideals and Realities
Men- Women- Children
Is there more history in this type of study??