1. Bringing Liberalism to the World
Question for Inquiry: To what extent has the imposition of liberalism today affected people globally??

2. Bringing Liberalism to the World
There are 2 main reasons why countries try to
impose an ideology, like liberalism on other
countries.
Self Interest- to eliminate or reduce terrorist threats, or for economic self interest
Humanitarianism- for moral or ethical reasons, such as improving living conditions or stop human rights violations

3. Imposing Liberalism for Self Interest
“ The world understands that whilst of course there are dangers in acting as we are, the dangers of inaction are far, far greater- the threat of further such outrages, the threats to our economies, the threats to the stability of the world”
- Tony Blair ( British prime minister), speech to the British people, Oct 7, 2001.
What actions is Tony Blair addressing the people about? ( note the date)
Why does he say that it is imperative that action must be taken?

4. Imposing Liberalism for Self Interest
This idea has been around for a long time, as President Woodrow Wilson insisted that democracy be an essential part of the peace treaties after WWI. He stressed the importance of democracy and self determination in establishing a lasting peace. This notion is still an important component in American foreign policy.
One of the most common arguments for establishing Liberalism is for economic self interest, as it will benefit the country where democracy is not present.
It will benefit the security of other Liberal democracies in the world. This is ever present since the attacks of 9/11
Open your textbook to page 320, and read from the middle of about the “war on terror”.

5. Imposing Liberalism for Humanitarian Reasons
A belief that a situation demands intervention for moral or ethical reasons such as the improvement of living standards.
This reason is sometimes combined with self interest. For example, the ‘war on terror’ was justified not only for self interest, but also based on human rights violations by Afghanistan as well as Iraq

6. Why can liberalism fail?
To a person so accustomed to the ideology of liberalism, democracy seems natural. However, it is important to note, that democracy didn’t happen overnight here in Canada, or in the United States for that matter!
As an ideology, liberalism and the practice of democracy has changed overtime with the evolution of social conditions.

7. Why can liberalism fail?
Democracy has a hard time surviving in conditions such as unemployment, inflation, civil unrest in a country without democracy already in place.
We have seen this in countries such as Germany, and recently Haiti.
Turn to page 328 and read to the quote mid way through the page.
What is the one condition that the speaker says needs to be present for democracy to have a long life expectancy within a country?

8. Why can liberalism fail?
Read the quote on the top of page What risks are attached to imposing democracy in a country that is unstable?
Refer to the second quote on page 329 on Canadian foreign policy, by Tom Keating. Who does he state as the key to a healthy political institution?
Do you agree with what the speaker is saying? Why or why not?

9. Chapter 10: Political Challenges to Liberalism
Chapter Issue: To what extent should governments reflect the will of the people?
How do governments attempt to follow the will of the people?
How, and to what extent, are government actions justified that ignore the will of the people?

10. Does Government Serve the People or Lead the People?
“ The will of the people is the only legitimate foundation of any government, and to protect its free expression should be our first object.” - Thomas Jefferson
In your opinion, do you believe governments still operate in the manner outlined by Jefferson?
As we will see, this principle is an ideal, that many governments aim to achieve, rather than a goal they must always achieve!

11. Questions about Democracy
How can a government determine what the will of the people is?
“ What I want is to get done what the people desire to have done, and the question for me is how to find that out exactly.” Abraham Lincoln
Is will of the people, or public opinion, an informed opinion?
Are there circumstances where the government should go against the will of the people?

12. Winston Churchill on Democracy
“Democracy is the worst form of government, except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time”
What is Churchill saying about democracy? Do you believe his statement has merit?

13. The Will of the People There are 2 forms of democracies:
Direct- every citizen’s voice is important and necessary for the orderly and efficient operation of society, therefore, every citizen votes on every issue.
3 instruments are of importance: referendums or plebiscites, initiatives and recalls
Representative- citizens elect officials to make decisions on their behalf.

14. Other theories of Democracy
There is a thought to some, that needs of the society is best met through an elite group of people, who are deemed better to make decisions to meet the needs of all.
This is known as the ‘elite theory of democracy’.
This follows the beliefs of Thomas Hobbes and Plato.
People who follow this belief argue that because a single vote has little weight in a large group of decision makers, individuals have little or no sense of responsibility for their decisions, and in turn have a less informed decision.
What are some problems of this theory in terms of democracy and liberalism?

15. Other theories of democracy
Poses the problem of inequality of power, and decreased citizen participation
Those that go along with the “elite theory of democracy’ believe it is impossible to hold citizens accountable and informed because to do so would make citizens neglect other duties in society.
To what extent do you agree with this statement?

16. Practicality Vs. Popular Opinion
Can you ever think of a time when a decision has been made on practicality, or necessity, despite opposition from the majority of people??
This happens within the government as well, and is one of the problems facing democracy and governments as a whole.
Looking at everything as a whole, can you see any inherent flaws in the principle of the will of the people???

17. Are Dictatorships Easier than Democracies?
If this were a dictatorship it would be a heck of a lot easier, just so long as I’m the dictator.
George W. Bush

18. Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Individual Rights
Supreme Court of Canada

19. Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
What it says
What it means
These rights are not absolute. Under section 1, these rights can be limited to protect other rights or values important to Canadian society.
For a Charter right to be limited, the limit must be
prescribed by law
reasonable
justifiable in a free and democratic society

20. Fundamental Freedoms What it says What it means
The Charter protects your freedom to follow your religion, to have your beliefs and opinions, to express yourself, to gather in peaceful groups and to associate with others. It also protects the freedom of the press.

21. Democratic Rights What it says What it means
All citizens have the right to vote or stand for election.
No government can stay in office for more than 5 years unless there are extraordinary circumstances, like a national emergency.

22. Mobility Rights What it says What it means
All citizens and permanent residents in Canada have the right to move to, live in, work or have businesses in any province or territory in Canada.

23. Legal Rights
What it says

24. Equality Rights What it says What it means
recognizes the dignity and worth of everyone in society. gives people equal benefit and equal protection of the law without being discriminated against because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability.

25. Balancing Perceived Common Good with Respect for Rights
Keeping in mind the question for inquiry for this section of chapter 11:
How do liberal democracies balance the perceived common good with the need to respect rights?
Read the newspaper article on page 381
What is the relationship between common good and the respect for rights in the newspaper article?
Part of the language legislation in Québec requires that:
“…public signs and commercial advertising must be in French. They may be in French and another language provided that French is markedly predominant…”
According to this requirement, does the Montreal pub seem to be breaking the law?

26. Balancing Perceived Common Good with Respect for Rights
Read pages , summarizing each of Bill 101, Bill 178 and Bill 86 and respond to the following:
For what reason is Québec able to limit peoples freedom of expression, as protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?
Bill 101 Report
Read the Voices section on pages 384 – 385, answering all three questions

27. Rejecting the Principles of Liberalism
As part of our discussion on Individualism and Collectivism from Related Issue #1, we reviewed the material in this section (page 393 – 404) of chapter 11
Can you find the handout?
Be sure you re-familiarize yourself with the following:
The War Measures Act
The First World War and Enemy Aliens
The Second World War and Japanese Internment
October Crisis 1970
The USA Patriot Act
Canada’s No-Fly List
After considering each of the above, answer the following:
Is there a better way to address the need for national security that does not involve actions that infringe on the rights of individuals?

28. Why might governments choose to reject the principles of liberalism in some cases?
Between 2002 – 2008, over 70,000 US soldiers were issued stop-loss orders where their term of service is involuntary extended for up to 15 months. Must governments adhere to the principles of liberalism in times of conflict?
In 2008, Canada warned soldiers to not share information on sites such as Facebook . Is this a justifiable imposition of secrecy or is it unwarranted censorship?
Is it possible to reconcile the rights of smokers and non-smokers? Should the government favour one side? On what grounds?

29. Crisis Situations
The adherence to the principles of liberalism is often tested in democracies during times of crisis’.
During times of war, emergency, and environmental crisis, liberal democracies have restricted movement, controlled access to information and limited peoples' rights and freedoms.
Often these restrictions are
not universally applied

30. Emergency and security legislation
A set of laws that permits the Canadian government to invoke special measures to deal with emergencies. It replaced the War Measures Act in Emergencies can include those that affect public welfare and order, Canadian security, or war or other armed conflict. The legislation is designed to protect Canadians fundamental rights and freedoms even in a time of crisis.

31. War Measures Act First passed in 1914 Only invoked 3 times
WWI
WWII
October Crisis, 1970
War Measures Act, statute (1914) conferring emergency powers on the federal Cabinet, allowing it to govern by decree when it perceives the existence of "war, invasion or insurrection, real or apprehended."
Cabinet could govern by decree rather than discussion and debate.
Justification of the Act’s use
Necessary for the overall good of society
Justified due to the threat or severe nature of the situation
Essential to protect, retain, or secure other principles of liberalism

32. WWI and Enemy Aliens
Canada (and Newfoundland), as part of the British Empire, were at war with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (including part of the Ukraine).
Under the War Measures Act, immigrants from these countries were considered enemy aliens. All aliens :
had to register and carry government issued ID cards at all times.
Were not permitted to read anything not in English or French
Could not leave the country
Could not posses firearms
Banned from joining any group the government deemed dangerous.
Several thousand enemy aliens were deported or sent to internment camps.
Their property was confiscated and often was not returned
Camps closed in 1920, two years after the war ended.
At that time, no apology or compensation was offered.

33. WWII and Japanese Internment
Nearly 23,000 Japanese-Canadians, mostly native-born Canadians , were placed in internment camps in 1942.
RCMP dismissed fears of disloyalty, clandestine actions, and sabotage as groundless but strong anti-Japanese sentiment caused the government to undertake relocation.

34. WWII and Japanese Internment
At the end of the war, the government decided to remove all Japanese from B.C.
4000 left the country, most moved East. They could not return to B.C until 1949.
In 1988, PM Brian Mulroney publicly acknowledged unjust actions and awards $21,000 for each individual directly wronged.

35. October Crisis, 1970
People’s History
16:3
1960s were a period of change, true also in Quebec
Quiet Revolution
Rapid secularization of society, province took control of education and health care from the Catholic Church.
Also lead to surge in Quebec nationalism, aimed to enhance opportunities for francophones in Quebec.
FLQ – Front de liberation du Quebec
Felt pace of change was to slow. Supported terrorism

36. October Crisis, 1970
1960s
Series of bombings and armed robberies
Largest, Montreal Stock Exchange, 27 injured
Oct, 1970 –
FLQ abducted James Cross, British trade commissioner
Kidnapper Pierre Laporte, a Quebec cabinet minister.
Army sent to protect politicians
War Measures Act invoke
About 500 arrested without warrants and held for up to 90 days.

37. Emergencies Act, 1988
Replaced War Measures Act to be harmonized with Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Defines Emergency Situations
Natural catastrophe
Disease in humans, animals, or plants
Accident or pollution
Limits the powers of government
All measures are subject to approval of Parliament
Must specify which parts of Canada apply
Must take rights into consideration (Reasonable limits)
Compensation a must to anyone suffering injury or damage as a result of the Act.

38. Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act
The Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act was passed by the Liberal government of Canada in response to the September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States.
It received Royal Assent on December 18, 2001, as Bill C-36. The "omnibus" bill extends the powers of government and institutions within the Canadian security establishment to respond to the threat of terrorism.
The expanded powers were highly controversial due to widely perceived incompatibility with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, in particular for the Act's provisions allowing for 'secret' trials, preemptive detention and expansive security and surveillance powers.
This bill provides similar measures to that of the USA PATRIOT Act passed by the United States in the same time frame.
The bill's passage has been compared to the government's activation of the War Measures Act in response to terrorist activity by the FLQ.

39. Canada’s No-Fly List
A list of people who potentially pose a threat to aviation security therefore are barred from flying.
Less than 1000 names? USA has over 44,000.
Maher Arar’s case showed fault in system

40. USA PATRIOT Act
The USA PATRIOT Act (commonly known as the "Patriot Act") is an Act of the U.S. Congress that was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001.
The title of the Act is a contrived three letter initialism (USA) preceding a seven letter acronym (PATRIOT), which in combination stand for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001.
The Act dramatically reduced restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to:
search telephone, communications, medical, financial, and other records
eased restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States
expanded the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities
broadened the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts.
The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act’s expanded law enforcement powers can be applied. The act is currently set to expire May 29, 2011; after a 90 day extension from February 28 by congress.

41. Anti-terrorism act
A set of laws passed in December 2001, in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, it gave the Canadian government special powers, such as surveillance and detention, for dealing with people carrying out activities thought to be associated with terrorism. Some of the act’s measures, such as that of preventative arrest, expired in March 2007.

42. Explore the Issues: #1 on page 392

43. Rejecting the Principles of Liberalism
Explore the Issues: Complete #1 on page 404

44. How is the Will of the People Reflected?
Arab Spring
A revolutionary wave of demonstrations, protests, and wars occurring in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010.
To date, rulers have been forced from power in:
 Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen
Civil uprisings have erupted in:
Bahrain and Syria
Major protests have broken out in:
Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, and Sudan
Minor protests have occurred in
Lebanon, Mauritania, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, and Western Sahara.
The major oil rich nations (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait and Oman) have been able to keep their ruling families in power.

45. How is the Will of the People Reflected?
The protests have shared techniques of mostly civil resistance in sustained campaigns involving strikes, demonstrations, marches, and rallies, as well as the effective use of social media to organize, communicate, and raise awareness in the face of state attempts at repression and Internet censorship.
Many Arab Spring demonstrations have met violent responses from authorities, as well as from pro-government militias and counter-demonstrators. These attacks have been answered with violence from protestors in some cases. A major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world has been Ash-shab yurīd isqāṭ an-niẓām ("the people want to bring down the regime").