1. Chapter 13 Key Terms
Rhizoid Sporophyte Gametophyte Sporangium Epiphyte Cuticle Gymnosperm Angiosperm Monocot Dicot Xylem Phloem Node Stoma

2. Biology Chapter 13
The Plant kingdom

3. Characteristics of Plants
Botany
Study of plants
Eukaryotic and multicellular
Contain tissues
Cellulose in cell walls
Most are autotrophic
Contain plastids
Chloroplast is a type of plastid

4. Classifying Plants Based on the presence or absence of: 3 categories
Vascular tissues
Tissues that conduct water and dissolved material in the plant
Seeds
3 categories
Nonvascular plants
Seedless vascular plants
Seeded vascular plants (seeded plants)

5. Nonvascular Plants All are small and short
Do not contain vascular tissues (obtain water and nutrients by osmosis)
Produce spores, not seeds
Phylum Bryophyta
Mosses
No true plant organs
Leafy shoots
Contain rhizoids

6. Nonvascular Plants Phylum Hepatophyta Phylum Anthocerotophyta
Commonly called Liverworts
Rhizoids anchor this plant to ground
Liver-shaped thallus
Phylum Anthocerotophyta
Commonly called Hornworts
Horn-shaped thallus
Rhizoids

7. Seedless Vascular Plants
Taller
Contain vascular tissues (Xylem and Phloem)
Produce spores
Phylum Pteridophyta
Ferns
Leaves are called fronds
Some are epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants)
Fronds are connected to rhizome under the ground

8. Seeded Vascular Plants
Produce seeds and contain vascular tissues
Gymnosperms – non-flowering plants
Seeds exposed to environment
Phylum Coniferophyta: cone-bearing plants
Seed cones and pollen cones
Angiosperms – flowering plants
Seed enclosed, usually by a fruit
Phylum Anthophyta
Flowering plants (fruit forms from flower)

9. Angiosperms Cotyledon: stored food to nourish embryonic plant Monocots
One cotyledon
Usually parallel venation
Flowering parts usually in 3s or 6s
Dicots
Two cotyledons
Usually pinnate or palmate venation
Flowering parts in 4s, 5s or multiples of 4 or 5

10. Other Classification Annuals Biennials Perennials
Sprout, grow, flower, and produce seeds in 1 growing season
Most herbaceous plants
Biennials
Sprout and develop one season, flower and produce seeds the following season
Perennials
Grow back every year, even though their leaves and stems die each year

11. Tissues Tissue 3 main organs not involved in reproduction
Group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function
3 main organs not involved in reproduction
Roots, stems, and leaves
3 reproductive organs
Flowers, fruits, seeds

12. Tissues Dermal Tissue “skin” of the plant
Epidermis: outer layer of cells in leaves
Cuticle: waxy layer that covers leaves and stem
Cork: dead cells that form the protective covering of a root or stem in woody plants
Function: protection, gas exchange, absorption of minerals

13. Tissues Vascular Tissue
Tissue that transports water and nutrients through the plant
Xylem: carries water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves
Made up of tracheids and vessel cells
Allows movement in one direction
Phloem: carries water and dissolved foods from leaves to plant
Made up of sieve tube cells
Companion cells provide support for sieve tube cell

14. Tissues
Ground Tissue
Everything else in the plant – the “insides” of the plant
Supports, provides storage, and performs metabolic processes of the plant
Non-woody stems, roots, and leaves are made up of mostly ground tissue
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

15. Tissues Meristematic Tissue Cells capable of continuous mitosis
“growth region” of the plant
Small, thin-walled, undifferentiated cells
Found in the growing areas of the plant (buds, root tips…)

16. The Leaf Main function is photosynthesis Blade Petiole Stipule
Large, green part of the leaf
Petiole
Attaches the blade to the stem at the node
Stipule
Some structure attached at the base of the petiole

17. The Leaf Margin Determining the margin can sometimes be difficult
Edge of the leaf
Determining the margin can sometimes be difficult

18. The Leaf Venation Parallel Netted
Describes the pattern of the vein on the blade
Parallel
Veins originate at petiole and continue to tip of leaf in parallel arrangement
Netted
Large veins branch off into smaller veins
Pinnate: 1 main vein with branches off it
Palmate: 2 or more veins originating from petiole

19. The Leaf Arrangement Simple Compound
Only one blade per petiole
Compound
Multiple blades per petiole
Each division is called a leaflet
Also classified by how the leaves are arrange on the stem

20. The Leaf Arrangement Alternate: 1 leaf attached per node
Opposite: 2 leaves attached per node
Whorled: 3 or more leaves attached per node

21. The Leaf Stomata Guard Cells Palisade Mesophyll Spongy Mesophyll
Openings on the underside of a leaf
Guard Cells
Open and close the stomata
Palisade Mesophyll
Tightly packed, column shaped cells
Spongy Mesophyll
Cells with air spaces between

22. The Root Functions 2 types of root systems
Anchor the plant onto a surface
Absorb water and minerals needed for growth
Transport substances to the rest of the plant
Can also function in food storage (carrot, radish)
2 types of root systems

23. The Root Primary root: original root that sprouts from the seed
Secondary root: roots that branch off the primary root
Taproot Root System
Long, large primary root with branching secondary roots
Fibrous Root System
Many secondary roots, but lacks large primary root

24. The Root Primary growth Epidermis: protects root
Growth that only occurs in the tip
Epidermis: protects root
Root hairs: aid in water absorption
Root Cap: protects delicate tissues at tip as root pushes through soil
Meristematic Region: region of mitosis
Elongation Region: growth of cells, large vacuoles
Maturation Region: cells differentiate into specific tissues

25. The Stem Function Woody Stems Herbaceous Stems
Manufacture, support, and display leaves
Transport materials to and from leaves for photosynthesis
Woody Stems
Generally strong and non-flexible; cells have thick walls
Herbaceous Stems
Rely on turgor pressure for support
Soft and flexible, usually only living for 1 growing season

26. Woody Stems Apical Meristem Nodes Layers Epidermis Cork cambium Phloem
Vascular cambium
Sapwood
Heartwood