1. Natural Selection Foldable

2. Natural Selection Top flap: Bottom Flap:
Occurs in individual level by determining which organisms have adaptations that allows them to survive, reproduce, & pass on adaptive traits
Bottom Flap:
Occurs through competition, phenotypic adapation, limited resources, exponential increase in population, individual variation

3. Stabilizing Selection
Top flap:
Most common
Results in decreased diversity with similar phenotypes (human babies with low birthweight)
Bottom flap:

4. Directional Selection
Top flap:
Individuals with frequency distribution toward an advantage in future generations (peppered moths)
Bottom Flap:

5. Disruptive Selection Top flap: Bottom flap:
Against average and favors individuals at extremes. Population changes and evolution occurs.
Bottom flap:

6. Evolution Foldable: change over time in population
Speciation
Equilibrium
Evolution: Change over time in a population

7. Speciation Reproductive isolation
Segments of population become so isolated that gene flow stops or is diminished
Environmental change (large environment creates new niches)
Geographic isolation (Darwin finches-adaptive radiation)

8. Gradualism equilibrium Punctuated equilibrium
Slow evolutionary development of species over long periods of time
Species arose suddenly and in short periods of time.
Triggered by change in physical or biological environ.

9. Coevolution 2 or more species affect each others evolution
Structure changes of plant affects morphology of herbivore
Hummingbird picture.

10. Convergent evolution
Organisms that are not closely related to each other independently acquire similar (analogous) characteristics
Shark, dolphin picture

11. Divergent evolution
2 or more related species become more and more dissimilar
Mammal picture

12. Parallel evolution
2 independent species evolve together at same time and in same ecosystem and acquire similar characteristics
Placental and marsupials