1. Biochemistry Review

2. Define:
Monomer- subunit of a macromolecule
Polymer- long strand of monomers (another name for macromolecule)
Macromolecule- organic compounds essential for life
Hypothesis- an educated guess that is TESTABLE
Name the 4 macromolecules of life.
-protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid
2. Which macromolecule has the greatest caloric value?
-lipid
3. What are the monomers of carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids?
-carbs=monosaccharide; lipids=fatty acids; protein=amino acid; nucleic acids=nucleotide

3. 5. For a compound to be organic, what element must it contain
5. For a compound to be organic, what element must it contain? -carbon 6. Describe a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. -monosaccharide=one sugar unit; disaccharide=2 sugar unit; polysaccharide=many sugar unit 7. What is the function of carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids? -carbs-provide quick energy -proteins- builds and repair tissues (muscles) -lipids- long term energy storage; insulation -nucleic acids- stores genetic information 8. What macromolecule provides the most energy? -carbohydrates

4. 9. What happens to an enzyme at the end of a chemical reaction?
-it is ready to be used again
10. Describe the term catalyst and give an example.
-Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy (energy needed to start the reaction). Enzymes are catalysts. For example, enzymes speed up digestion in your body.
11. What factors affect the rates of chemical reactions?
catalysts, temperature, pH
12. What does each number on the pH scale represent?
Less than 7=acid; 7=neutral; greater than 7=base
13. Give an example of an acidic, basic, and neutral solution.
-acidic= lemon juice; basic=baking soda; neutral=water

5. 14. What is the purpose of a buffer
14. What is the purpose of a buffer? -regulate pH (minimize shifts in pH) 15. Describe the term homeostasis. -maintaining a stable internal environment 16. Differentiate between independent and dependent variables. -independent=the variable that is changed or manipulated; dependent=the variable that is measured 17. What is the correct order of the scientific method? -observation, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis, conclusion 18. What two conditions are necessary for an experiment to be valid? -have an experimental group and control group, and only test ONE variable

6. 19. What is a control variable
19. What is a control variable? -the factor that is kept the same throughout the experiment 20. Describe the structure of DNA. -long strand of nucleotides 21. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? -sugar, phosphate group, and base 22. Draw and label a nucleotide. 23. Describe the base pairing rules of DNA and RNA. -DNA= A—T and C—G; RNA= A—U and C—G 24. Compare/contrast DNA and RNA. -both are made of nucleotides. DNA is double stranded; RNA is single stranded. DNA’s sugar is deoxyribose and RNA’s is ribose. DNA has bases ATCG and RNA has bases AUCG.

7. STUDY HARD!!!!!! 25. What is the primary function of DNA?
-the blueprint of life—DNA has the instructions for making proteins
26. Name five characteristics that are considered distinct properties of all living things.
-all living things are made of cells, respond to stimuli, maintain a constant stable internal environment, carry out metabolic reactions, grow, reproduce, and change over time
27. Describe how an enzyme can function in speeding up a chemical reaction within a cell.
-enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
Other things to study for the test:
Safety procedures
Characteristics of living things (know at least 5)
Each part of the scientific method
STUDY HARD!!!!!!