1. What sex is your brain?
Draw a bicycle.
Now watch this clip of Child of our time: Brain sex on YouTube and see Dr Winston explain how males and females draw a bicycle differently.

2. Homework feedback Gender Roles in Children’s Stories BSRI category?
Three key Hormones notes;
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Oxytocin
Klinefelters and Turners Syndrome sheet

3. Gender Roles in Children’s Stories
Cinderella:
fragile and powerless girl because she is very obedient to her stepsisters and does not stand up to the way that she is mistreated by them despite her father owning the house they live in.
She cooks and cleans and does what they ask of her and acts like their servant.
When she goes to the ball she has to wear a beautiful dress to attract the prince as this is seen as the only way to attract a man.
Beautiful women are seen as weak and complying in the story whereas men are powerful and superior to women.
Powerful women are ugly like the stepmother.
The men are the ones with the money and women are seen as all wanting to marry the prince because he is wealthy so they all want to try on the slipper so that if they do marry the prince they will have security because women are seen as being incapable of being independent.

4. Gender Roles in Children’s Stories
Snow White:
is seen as a beautiful and kind but very naïve woman.
Beauty is seen as very important unlike other characteristics a woman could possess such as intelligence.
Snow White takes the role of cooking and cleaning for the dwarves to keep her safe because of the security they will provide for her. Therefore, a woman is domesticated and cooks and cleans whilst the dwarves’ (who are all men) role is to guard her from harm.
When Snow White fails to obey the dwarf’s instructions about not letting in strangers Snow White gets harmed by the queen.
Females are seen as weak and are expected to obey the rules of men or they will come to harm.
Women need to be rescued by a man and get married to be happy.

5. Gender Roles in Children’s Stories
Peter Pan:
Mr Darling is a businessman and provides all the money in the household and is seen as superior to his wife.
He demands respect and obedience.
When his wife comes to him worried about Peter Pan, he dismisses her worries. Mrs Darling is very compliant to her husband.
Peter is a strong male figure who protects the lost boys.
Wendy is asked to be mother to the boys in Neverland showing females are ideal for caring activities like putting the boys to bed.

6. Sandra Bem’s research… (1974)
1- never or almost never true almost always true
Sex-Typed individuals
Masculinity score is at or above 4.9
Femininity score is at or below 4.8
Masculinity score is at or below 4.8
Femininity score is at or above 4.9
Masculine
Feminine
Androgynous
Undifferentiated

7. Overview- can you define them?
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Oxytocin
Hormones:

8. Atypical Sex Chromosome Patterms
Turner’s Syndrome
Only X0
Underdeveloped ovaries, webbed neck, narrow hips and others.
Klinefelter’s syndrome
XXY
Less masculine physically due to less testosterone- less facial hair, wider hips and breast tissue.
Taller than average and poor muscular co-ordination.

10. Drawing the syndromes

11. Evaluation of the BSRI Real world application Reliability of the BSRI
Encouraging psychological healthiness
UK couple raised son ‘gender-neutral’.
Considered to be child abuse!
Does opinion need to change?
Reliability of the BSRI
.76 to .81 (Bem ‘81)
New version with 30 terms .90 correlation with original
Less socially desirable such as ‘gullible’ and childlike’.
Validity of the BSRI
Self-report
Demand characteristics
Social desirability effects
Only-used students
Understanding of words used
Individual differences in self-knowledge
Scale devised in USA.

12. Evaluation of the BSRI P Real world application
Reliability of the BSRI
Validity of the BSRI

13. Exam Q for me to mark during solo task

14. Exam question

15. Chromosomes and Hormones
In both sex and gender

16. Genetics- Normal
Genetic blueprint organised into 23 pairs of chromosomes
22 pairs are both X shaped.
The 23rd includes sex chromosomes.
XX – female
XY - male

18. Role of chromosomes
Produce chemicals which instruct gonads (testes/ovaries) to produce hormones
All develops as female unless instructed otherwise
The Y (father) chromosome instructs the body to produce androgens/testosterone (male sex hormones)
Without this the embryo would develop as female.

19. Sexual development (female)XX
Development of ovaries, uterus and vagina

20. Sexual development (male)XY
Androgens/ testosterone
Development of testes instead of ovaries
Testosterone
Development of penis; Changes to hypothalamus in brain

21. Three Key Hormones
Genes/chromosomes initially determine a person’s sex and what hormones are produced. Most gender development is governed by hormones.
In threes take a hormone each to study.
Read and make notes
Peer teach your content

22. Evaluation- One each on email please!
David Reimer
Is this reliable as a case?
Supporting Evidence
What is ignored?
Example- case of Batista Family, Dominican Republic, 4 XY raised as girls due to genetic testosterone insensitivity at birth which displayed female genitalia. Testosterone at puberty meant they developed male genitals as teenagers. Adapted without difficulty.
The Role of Culture
Early identification can help those with Turners or Klinefelters?
Hormone supplements?
International Olympics committee decisions on male and female competitors- what’s changed from ?
Real World Application

23. AO3-The role of culture and social influence
Batista family of the Dominican Republic (Imperato, 1974). Lived in a more gender fluid community. Members were recognised as male or female and raised as such but roles were not rigid.
4 children born with external female genitalia and raised as girls. Large amounts of testosterone during puberty caused their male genitalia to appear externally.
The children were genetically XY but their external male genitalia had not yet appeared due an inherited gene causing insensitivity to testosterone.
It is said they accepted their new male role without any difficulty.
Suggests that the culture surrounding such individuals can aid a smooth transition between genders and lessen psychological harm.

24. Describe and evaluate biological explanations of gender development
Describe and evaluate biological explanations of gender development. Refer to evidence in your answer. (Total 16 marks)
AO1
Marks for description of the features of biological explanations of gender development.
Students may focus on how genetic factors cause gender- appropriate behaviour – gender and sex are interrelated.
Any differences in gender behaviour are due to physiology.
Students may choose to focus on hormones, eg the influence of androgens/testosterone or oestrogen.
Atypical sex chromosomes, eg XXY – Klinefelter’s syndrome; XO – Turner’s syndrome; in terms of the effect these syndromes have on gender development.
Students may choose to focus research.
AO3
Marks for an evaluation of biological explanations of gender development.
Students may choose to contrast biological explanations of gender development with social learning theorists who state that gender is learnt as a result of socialisation (nurture).
The cognitive explanation can be used to criticise biological explanations of gender as being too deterministic – children think about their own and other people’s gender and how they behave as a result.
Students are required to refer to evidence in their response. This may be in support / conflict for biological explanations. For example, Money (1975), in the case of the penectomised twin, suggested that nurture was responsible for gender development thereby rejecting nature / biology.
Students may raise methodological issues associated with the extrapolation of findings to explain human gender development.
Students may focus on general limitations of biological explanations, eg reductionism.
Credit comparison such as reference to cultural variations in gender related behaviour. Credit use of relevant evidence.

25. The Case of David Reimer
Watch the following documentary and take notes.
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You will be able to use the if you understand it well, as an AO3 point for the following sections;
The role of chromosomes and hormones
Cognitive explanations of gender development
Psychodynamic explanation of gender development
The influence of culture and media on gender roles
Atypical gender development: gender identity disorder; biological and social explanations for gender identity disorder.

26. Discuss
What does this case tell us about the role of biology in gender?
Is it a reliable and valid research source?
Are there ethical concerns with this case?

27. Excellent exam questions
I will mark during AO3