1. Jumpstart Question 1. How do vaccines work?
Vaccine work by injecting the patient with a weakened or dead version of the virus (usually a part of the capsid) to stimulate an immune response and produce antibodies and memory B cells.

2. When do you jump on a trampoline?
Joke
When do you jump on a trampoline?
SPRING-time

3. How do cytotoxic T cells actually kill the pathogens?
Food for thought
How do cytotoxic T cells actually kill the pathogens?
They secrete enzymes that will drill holes into the cell wall so that the cell wall bursts (lysis)

4. 4/14 Reading quiz
1. What is the functional cell of the nervous system?
2. What are the 2 parts to the nervous system? (I will take the acronym)
3. How many nervous system cells are in the human body?
4. Label the cell: 5 3 6 7 4

5. 4/14 Objective
Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.

6. The Nervous System Contains an estimated 100 billion neurons.
Each neuron may communicate with thousands of other neurons in complex information-processing circuits that make the most powerful computers look primitive.
We have not always had the ability to study the human nervous system. Now we do. How?
MRI’s and CT Scans give us a glimpse into the human brain

7. The Nervous System
Key point #1: There are 2 parts of the nervous system:
The central nervous system (CNS) = brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) = nerves and ganglia
Nerves connecting the body to the CNS

8. PART 1: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

9. Key Point #2: The Central Nervous System
The brain and the spinal cord!

10. General interpretation area
Anatomy of the brain
The brain is the control center of the entire nervous system.
Cerebrum
Motor area
Sensory area
Speech area
Language area
Vision area
Taste area
General interpretation area
Intellect, learning, and personality
Balance area
Hearing area
Brain stem
Cerebellum
You do not need to know all of these parts!! Just 3…

11. Anatomy of the Brain
1. Cerebrum-controls your conscious, voluntary activities
Examples:
-skeletal muscle movements
-knowledge
-memory
-language

12. 2. Cerebellum controls balance, posture and coordination.
Anatomy of the Brain
2. Cerebellum controls balance, posture and coordination.
If you injure your cerebellum, your movements become jerky.

13. 3. Brain Stem- controls involuntary functions
Anatomy of the Brain
3. Brain Stem- controls involuntary functions
Examples:
-breathing
-heart rate
-temperature

14. Example:
Mrs. Ireland sits down and begins to write down all of the vocabulary from AP Biology. What part of the brain is this? She then stands up and stands on one leg for 10 minutes. What part of the brain is this?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum

15. Part II: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

16. What is the peripheral nervous system?
Key Point #3: The PNS is made up of all of the nerves and ganglia that carry messages to and from the brain.
Ganglia- cluster of neurons
The peripheral nervous system carries messages you are aware of (like wanting to move your leg) and messages you are unaware of (regulating oxygen while you are asleep and flight or fight!)

17. What do nerve cells (neuron) look like?
KP #4: A neuron is the functional cell of the nervous system.
Dendrites
Axons
Cell Body
Neurons carry information through the nervous system in a form called an impulse.
The functional unit of the PNS are the neurons.
Schwann Cell
Myelin Sheath
Nucleus

18. Dendrites: extensions for receiving signals
Axon: extension for transmitting
Cell Body: contains organelles and nucleus
Axons can be over a meter long!
Schwann cell: form the myelin
Myelin Sheath: axon wrap of membrane
Axon Hillock: axon and cell body meet

19. Key Point #5: Axons have a myelin sheath that acts as an electrical insulator
Made from Schwann cells
Lipid base
From the PNS
Speeds up messages down the axon

20. Neurons cannot do all of the work on their own! KP #6: Glia
“glue”
Support cells and provide structural integrity
Example: Schwann cells

21. Key Point #7: 3 stages in information processing
Today we will focus specifically on how a neuron works. How does a neuron cause the transmission of information?

22. How does it work?
Key Point #8: Sensory neuron → Interneuron →Motor Neuron
Sensory neurons: bring information from the environment to the brain.
Interneurons (brain and spinal cord): processes information and makes the decisions
Motor neurons: take response information from the brain to the muscles and cause action (effector).

23. What do nerve cells (neuron) look like?
The neuron has 3 main parts:
1. The dendrites receive messages (pre-synaptic)
2. The cell body processes the information
3. The axon passes the message on to the next neuron (post-synaptic)

24. Serotonin is made in the brain and acts throughout the body
Serotonin is made in the brain and acts throughout the body. It is a neurotransmitter. Serotonin is what gives us our mood and social behavior. People that are depressed have low levels of serotonin.

25. Another Example: I see Drew Brees (sensory neurons)
I perceive that it is him, and I realize I am excited and want to say hi! (interneuron)
The interneuron sends the message to my arm muscles to wave and my mouth muscles to say hi! (motor neuron)