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Biology Basic Chemistry
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Matter and Atomic Structure
____________: the smallest particle of an element; consists of: ______________ p+: in the nucleus ____________ no: in the nucleus ____________ e-: surrounds the nucleus; equal to the number of protons
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Matter and Atomic Structure
_____________: anything that has volume and mass _____________: a substance not broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means Each element has a 1 or 2-letter symbol Examples: oxygen (O), sodium (Na) _____________:A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. Ex: hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) _____________: a molecule composed of atoms of 2+ different elements that are chemically combined Ex: NaCl: salt, H2O: water
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Matter and Atomic Structure
____________________: the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus ____________________: the number of protons and neutrons in an atom ___________________: the area of an atom surrounding the nucleus where electrons are found # of protons always equals the # of electrons; atoms have NO CHARGE
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Energy Levels First energy level: holds up to 2 electrons
Second energy level: holds up to 8 electrons
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Chemical Bonds The main types of chemical bonds are: ____________________ Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 6
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Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds An ______________ bond is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. These positively and negatively charged atoms are known as ________. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7
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Chemical Bonds Sodium atom (Na) Sodium ion (Cl-) The chemical bond in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another is called an ionic bond. The compound sodium chloride forms when sodium loses its valence electron to chlorine. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8
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Chemical Bonds Covalent Bonds Sometimes electrons are ___________ by atoms instead of being transferred. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9
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Chemical Bonds The structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds is called a molecule. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 10
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Water About percent of an organism is water Water is used in most reactions in the body Water is called the __________ solvent Copyright Cmassengale 11 11
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The Water Molecule Water Molecule The unequal sharing of electrons causes the water molecule to be polar. The hydrogen end of the molecule is slightly positive and the oxygen end is slightly negative. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12
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Water Properties Polarity Cohesiveness Adhesiveness Surface Tension Copyright Cmassengale 13 13
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The Water Molecule A water molecule is _______________ because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 14
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The Water Molecule _________________ is an attraction between molecules of the same substance. Because of hydrogen bonding, water is extremely cohesive. Example: surface tension (bugs walking on water) Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 15
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The Water Molecule _________________ is an attraction between molecules of different substances. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 16
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Solutions and Suspensions
A _______________ is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not chemically combined. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 17
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Solutions and Suspensions
Two types of mixtures can be made with water __________ Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18
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Solutions and Suspensions
All the components of a ___________ are evenly distributed throughout the solution. _____________—the substance that is dissolved. ______________—the substance in which the solute dissolves. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 19
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Solutions and Suspensions
When a crystal of table salt is placed in warm water, sodium and chloride ions are attracted to the polar water molecules. Na+ Cl - Water When an ionic compound such as sodium chloride is placed in water, water molecules surround and separate the positive and negative ions. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 20
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Solutions and Suspensions
Some materials ________________________ when placed in water but separate into pieces so small that they do not settle out easily. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 21
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Acids & Bases ____________: any compound that forms H+ ions in solution ____________: any compound that forms OH- in solution Water can dissociate to form acids and bases H H+ + OH-
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pH Scale A measurement system indicating concentration of H+ or OH- ions in a solution Ranges from ____ - _____ = acidic solution 0 more acidic than 6.99 = basic solution (alkaline) 14 more basic than 7.1
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**This scale can be presented 0-14 OR 14-0**
**This scale can be presented 0-14 OR 14-0**
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