1. Endocrine system Communicating through hormones
State Standards
29)List the structures of the endocrine system, explain the functions of each, describe the hormones related to each structure, and summarize the positive and negative effects on the body. Debate in a written or oral format the effects of human growth hormone use in athletes.
30) **Research information to explain the pathophysiology and abnormal anatomy and/or physiology surrounding the hypo- and hyper-secretion of hormones of the endocrine system. Explain how these abnormalities can affect one’s physical and mental health. Describe how these diseases manifest themselves in different ways in pediatric, adult, and elderly persons. Develop a public service announcement, community awareness presentation, or health

2. Objectives
The student will identify the glands of the endocrine system
The student will identify the function of each of the endocrine glands.
The student will identify diseases and conditions related to malfunction in these glands.

3. What is the Endocrine System
1. Made up of glands that produce and
secrete hormones (chemical messengers)
2. Regulation of growth, metabolism, sexual development
3. Responses to stress and injury
4. Internal balance of body systems (homeostasis)

4. Major Glands 1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary 3. Thyroid 4. Parathyroid
5. Adrenals
6. Pineal Body
7. Reproductive organs (ovaries and testes)
8. Pancreas

5. *HORMONES are chemical messengers released by the endocrine glands.
Discussion
What type of doctor specializes in the treatment of the endocrine system?

6. Hypothalamus Links the endocrine and nervous systems
The portion of the brain that maintains the body’s internal balance (homeostasis)
Controls the release and production of other hormones in the body

7. Hypothalamus Stimulates and inhibits the body’s key processes such as…
Heart rate and blood pressure
Body temperature
Fluid and electrolyte balance, including thirst
Appetite and body weight
Glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines
Sleep cycles

8. Discussion and Activity
In a small group determine
Where is the hypothalamus located?
How does the hypothalamus link the nervous system and endocrine systems?
If a malfunction in the hypothalamus occurs what would happen to homeostasis in the body?
Activity – Draw a diagram of the hypothalamus
-Individually add these to your notes

9. Pituitary Gland
“Master gland”of the body- because of its great influence on the body organs
Located at the base of the brain
Anterior and posterior lobes

10. Discussion and Activity
In a small group discuss
What makes the pituitary gland the “master gland” of the body?
What are the different functions of the anterior and posterior lobes?
How are the hormones this gland secrets released into the body?
Add the pituitary gland to your diagram of the hypothalamus

11. Pituitary Gland Disorders
Gigantism
Hyper-function of the pituitary gland
Causes abnormal growth and large stature

13. Acromegaly Hypersecretion of hormones produced by the pituitary gland
Causes abnormal growth

15. Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces a hormone called Human growth hormone.
Natural Growth hormone acts on many parts of the body to promote growth in children. In adults, it does not cause growth but instead helps to maintain normal body structure and metabolism.
Artificial Human Growth Hormone is used to increase muscle mass, and increase speed and stamina

16. Discussion and Activity
Add to your notes
What is the primary cause of the hyper-function of the pituitary gland causing gigantism and acromegaly?
If both gigantism and acromegaly are caused by the same thing, what is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?
What are the symptoms of each? How do they differ?
The use of Artificial Human Growth hormone is controversial in athletes. In groups of 4 you will be assigned a side on this issue to debate.

17. Dwarfism
Hypofunction of the pituitary gland
 Dwarfism is generally defined as an adult height of 4 feet 10 inches or less. The average adult height among people with dwarfism is 4 feet
2 main types of dwarfism
Disproportionate dwarfism. If body size is disproportionate, some parts of the body are small, and others are of average size or above-average size. Proportionate dwarfism. A body is proportionately small if all parts of the body are small to the same degree and appear to be proportioned like a body of average stature.

19. Discussion and Activity
Add to your notes
Discuss
How does the condition of dwarfism effect other body systems? What systems are effected?
What are signs of this disorder other than stature?

20. Thyroid Gland Regulates body’s metabolism
Controlled by both the pituitary and hypothalamus glands

21. Discussion and activity
Add to your notes
Discuss
The thyroid gland controls metabolism. What is metabolism? What other body systems are effected by a persons metabolism?
What must the thyroid absorb from the body to create these essential thyroid hormones?
What does the thyroid gland resemble?
Draw a thyroid. Where is it located?

22. Thyroid Disorders Goiter –Swelling of the thyroid
Hypothyroidism- hypo-secretion of thyroid hormone
Hyperthyroidism hyper-secretion of thyroid hormone

23. Discussion and Activity
Add to notes
Compare and contrast hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Include signs and symptoms
Add a representation of each to your drawing of the thyroid

24. Parathyroid Glands Attached to thyroid glands
Parathyroid Hormone Regulate amount of calcium in the blood - takes calcium from the bones to make it available in the blood

25. Discussion and Activity
Discuss and add to your notes
When the surgical procedure of removing the thyroid was first introduced, they parathyroid glands where not known to exist. Patients would die shortly after having their thyroid removed. Why?
Why is a proper level of calcium important in the body?
Add a drawing of the parathyroid glands to your drawing of the thyroid.

26. Adrenal Glands 2 triangular shaped organs located above the kidneys
2 parts
adrenal cortex-outer portion of the adrenal gland
adrenal medulla- inner portion of the adrenal gland

27. Discussion and Activity
Add to your notes
What life functions do the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla control?
How does the adrenal medulla contribute to the sympathetic nervous system response of “fight or flight”?
Draw the adrenal glands

28. Adrenal Disorders
Addison’s disease (hyposecretion of cortisol) – decreased blood sodium, dehydration, low blood pressure, increased skin pigmentation
Cushing’s syndrome (hypersecretion of cortisol) – blood glucose remains high, retains too much sodium, puffy skin, masculinizing effects in women -

29. Discussion
Which portion of the adrenal glands causes these disorders? The adrenal cortex or adrenal medulla.
What is cortisol? What does cortisol regulate?
How do adrenal gland disorders affect homeostasis in the body?

30. Pancreas
Located behind the stomach-that helps the body to maintain healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels.
Contains islands of cells called the Islets of Langerhans which secrete glucagon and insulin
Glucagon raises blood sugar concentration
Insulin – decreases blood sugar concentrations

31. Discussion Add to notes Discuss
Someone who suffers from low blood sugar has a dysfunction in which secreted hormone?
What is the medical term for low blood sugar?
What is the medical term for high blood sugar?
Draw the pancreas

32. Pancreas Disorders
Type 1 diabetes – insulin dependent diabetes mellitus often caused by inherited immune disorder that destroys pancreatic cells unable to produce insulin
Type II Diabetes – can produce insulin but the body is unable to use the insulin correctly or cannot create enough insulin to cancel out the amount of glucose in their body

33. Discussion
Describe the typical age of onset for type I and type II Diabetes.
What would a “typical” patient suffering from each of these look like?
How does diabetes effect the rest of the body systems?

34. Sex Glands
Ovaries: female sex glands, located in the pelvis, secrete hormones that regulate menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics
Testes: male sex glands, located in the scrotal sac, produce hormones that regulate secondary sexual characteristics

35. Discussion Discuss Add to your notes
The ovaries and testes have multiple functions. What are these functions?
Compare and contrast the “life cycle” of the ovaries vs. the testes.
Draw both the testes and ovaries add to your notes

36. Thymus Located in the upper part of chest Active in early life
Atrophies (wastes away) during puberty

37. Discussion Discuss Add to your notes
Someone who did not have a functioning thymus would likely suffer from what?
Why do you believe the thymus atrophies away after childhood?
Draw the Thymus add to your notes

38. Pineal Body Located in the brain between the cerebral hemispheres,
Secretes melatonin

39. Discussion and activity
Why is the pineal body referred to as the “third eye” ? What is its function that gives it that name?

40. Placenta Temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy
Functions- reparatory, excretory, and nutrition-delivery systems for the fetus, produces hormones to maintain the pregnancy and delivery of baby
Expelled after the birth of the child

41. Activities
In groups of 4 Develop a community awareness presentation to inform a selected audience about one of these diseases or disorders of the endocrine system (to be presented Friday)
Explain how these abnormalities can affect one’s physical and mental health. Describe how these diseases manifest themselves in different ways in pediatric, adult, and elderly persons.
Include signs and symptoms, causes, and treatments
In teams of 4 Debate the effects of human growth hormone use in athletes.
2 teams will be chosen to be “Devils Advocates” and be for Human growth hormones
In groups of 4 play the Endocrine Game to review the components of the endocrine system and their function.