1. Europe’s Environmental Concerns
EQ: What are the main environmental issues in Germany, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom?

2. Germany
Acid Rain

3. Germany Air Pollution:
43 million cars and coal burning industries contribute to air pollution (leads to acid rain)

4. What is Acid Rain?
Acid rain is a result of air pollution. When any type of fuel is burnt, lots of different chemicals are produced and released into the air and mix with water in the clouds.
The rain from these clouds then falls as very weak acid - which is why it is known as "acid rain“.
It’s not acidic enough to burn your skin, but it’s very harmful for the environment.

6. Acid Rain’s Effect on the Environment:
Acid rain can effect trees in several different ways, it may:
• dissolve and wash away the nutrients and minerals in the soil which helps the trees to grow.
• cause the release of harmful substances such as aluminum into the soil.
• wear away the waxy protective coating of leaves

8. Acid Rain in Germany
Acid rain has destroyed nearly ¼ of the Black Forest!
This has harmed Germany’s economy because one of its major natural resources is timber.

11. Germany
Solution:
Government is working to meet standards set up by the European Union to clean and dispose of waste properly
Also setting up nature preservation lines (national parks)

12. United Kingdom
Air Pollution

13. Air Pollution in the United Kingdom
In UK, nearly 30 million vehicles are contributing to the pollution of the air.
Gas fumes contain carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, soot, oil vapor and lead - all potentially dangerous to human health.
“London Fog” combines with these fumes to form "smog" which causes lung problems

16. United Kingdom’s Solution to Air Pollution
Since the 1950s, smog levels have gone down in the UK, but there are still sometimes unacceptably high levels of pollution that can harm human health and the environment.
They have achieved cleaner air through regulating industries and tightening emissions standards for cars.

19. UK’s Solution Continued
They are working to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Passing laws for better cars and factories
Big on recycling
25% of household wastes are recycled; goal is to increase to 35% by 2015

20. Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
Ukraine
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster

21. Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
Ukraine
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
In 1986, the USSR generated 10% of the world’s nuclear power.
Chernobyl exploded on April 26, 1986
200,000 people evacuated to decrease exposure to radiation

22. What went wrong? April 25th, 1:00 am
The reactor was scheduled to shut down for maintenance. While preparing for the shutdown, the operators wanted to perform a test to see how long the turbines could run the emergency cooling system if power is interrupted by an accident.

23. April 25th, 1:05 pm
With the reactor "slowing" down in preparation for the shutdown, the power in Reactor No. 4 drops to about 1600 mega watts. The operators make a simple but fatal error by setting the regulator improperly.

24. April 26th, 12:28 am
The power crashes down to only 30 mega watts. The reactor is becoming hard to control.

25. April 26, 1:23am
Thirty-six seconds after the test had begun, the shift supervisor attempts to drop all control rods back into the reactor realizing the power was rising beyond its limits. In four and a half seconds, the power level inside the reactor rises 120 times the reactor's capacity.
The first explosion broke the pressure tubes, releasing steam which blew the containment lid off the reactor.

26. April 26, 1:24am
The second explosion was the reactor fuel and graphite inside the core exploding, sending chunks of graphite and other radioactive elements flying. It destroyed the building, and caused more than 30 roof fires.

27. What did it look like?
Before
After

28. How did the country react?
The morning after the explosion, there was no hint of a disaster.
After 36 hours of being exposed to radiation, people were told to pack their clothing and evacuate their homes.
There as was a 30 kilometer or 18 mile evacuation.

29. What was the effect on other countries?
Nearly nine tons of radioactive material - 90 times as much as the Hiroshima bomb - were hurled into the sky.
Winds over the following days, mostly blowing north and west, carried fallout into Belarus, as well as Russia, Poland & other countries around the world.

30. What about the environment?
At the nuclear power station itself, several attempts were made to clear away and contain chunks of graphite and other radioactive solids.
They sent in volunteers.
The volunteers were only allowed to be in the power station for 90 seconds or less.
The radiation levels were 15,000 times greater than a normal person's exposure in a year.

31. What about the environment?
Any movable objects near the plant were buried; cars, trucks, and even topsoil.
Some 60,000 buildings had to be washed with special chemicals, and even some roofs had to be replaced.
A special solution was sprayed throughout the danger zone on streets and walkways to prevent radioactive dust from blowing and further contaminating the area.
Nearby trees that had absorbed the radiation were all cut down and buried in concrete pits.

32. Is it still working?
Chernobyl continued to produce electricity for another 14 years, until international pressure forced its closure in 2000.
An official exclusion zone around the plant remains in place, extending for 30 kilometers (18 miles). It is one of the most radioactive spots on Earth.

33. Ukraine Agricultural Problems:
Millions of acres of farmland have been poisoned
Causes food shortages; hurts economy

34. Ukraine Air Pollution: Cancer has increased because of radiation
Deforestation because of acid rain