1. Measuring Living Standards
Economic Development
Quality of Life
Poverty
Push and Pull Factors

2. Levels of economic development are hard to measure
Developed World
has accounting systems that can determine levels of industrialization, value of services, and exports and imports
Developing World
it is hard to know what to measure as many people work on a trade and barter system and goods are often used rather than currency
Not included in accounting systems

3. Quality of Life Part of measuring standards of living
Quality of Life includes
Health
Levels of nutrition
Literacy rate
Status of women and children
QOL is greatly impacted by repressive regimes, lack of economic freedom, and denial of freedom of expression

4. Poverty Gap
Canada
Developing nation
Has access to government programs that provide a safety net of services such as health care and education.
Able to access food banks
Low income housing
Very poor urban family is likely to live in a dwelling made from scrap metals with no electricity, running water, sanitation, or access o safe water
Getting water and basic supplies may take women hours each day

5. Various factors can push people to leave rural land and pull people to the cities with a chance at new opportunities
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Underemployment
Ethnic or religious tensions
Drought/Flood
Lack of resources
Environmental impacts such as deforestation
Requisition of land
Labour opportunities
Medical/Social provisions
Greater access to food and resources
Social networks

6. Urban Living: Not What it Seems
Many migrants find themselves living in the growing slums of major cities
Become worse off than before
Still facing issues of the rural population
No access to education and employment
High mortality
Malnutrition