1. The Renaissance and humanism

2. A new era... Famine and Epidemic The Bubonic Plague
Decreased population

3. Renaissance Meaning: rebirth Began after the Middle Ages (1450-1600)
Characterized by humanism

4. Humanism A philosophy that emerged during the Renaissance.
It focused on human beings rather than God.
Focused on the role of the individual in society and was inspired by ancient scholars.

5. Gutenberg’s Printing Press
Gutenberg invented the printing press around 1440
No more copying by hand
In 60 years, over 15 million copies were printed and distributed

6. Characteristics of Humanism

7. Return to Antiquity
The knowledge of Greeks and Romans was rediscovered.
It inspired philosophy, art, and science.

8. A New Vision for Humanity
Humanists believed humans were conscious, free, and responsible for their own destiny.
Humanity was the centre of the universe.
Thomas More, author of Utopia

9. Knowledge and Education
Humanists were interested in all areas of knowledge.
They were critical thinkers and valued education.

10. Interest in Science
Humanists wanted to understand human beings and nature.
They developed a scientific method based on observation and experimentation.

11. Renaissance in Art

12. Andrea Palladio
Return to ancient values is seen by the Greco-Roman architecture, the statues, and the building’s symmetry

13. Respect for physical proportions
Verrocchio
Respect for physical proportions
Proper representation of religious theme shows the inspiration of ancient sculptures and importance of the human body

14. Leonardo da Vinci
Use of perspective, sfumato and chiaroscuro techniques show a desire to develop new art styles

15. Botticelli
Classical theme (Greco-Roman mythology) and proper body representation show importance of antiquity and the human body

16. Literature Using vernacular language became more common
William Shakespeare
Miguel
de Cervantes

17. Music
Polyphony
Instrumental accompaniment

18. The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation
Johann Buchenhagen, Johann Calvin, Johannes Hus, Martin Luther,
Philipp Melanchthon, Johannes Oecolampad, Ulrich Zwingli

19. The Pope Acted like princes Wanted a lot of power and riches
Lived in luxury and sin
Fought rulers and conspired against them

20. Cardinals and Bishops Led similar lives to those of the pope
Collected profits from the estates and communities under their authority

21. Parish Clergy Poorly educated and spiritually ill-prepared
Did not respond to the people’s concerns

22. Simony Sale of Indulgences
Sale of church services to believers (ie: sacraments)
Paying the clergy or even the pope in order to be forgiven for sins.

23. Lutheran Church
The Bible is the only link between Christians and God and should therefore be in vernacular languages.
Did not recognize the cult of saints.
Only faith makes salvation possible. Good works are just part of living in society.
Only Baptism and Communion were observed sacraments.

24. Calvinist Church
Salvation is only possible for those who are predestined. God is the only one who decides.
Life should be strict, virtuous, honest, and moral.

25. Anglican Church
The Monarch of England is the supreme head of this Church.
It kept some Catholic ceremonies, a clergy, and a hierarchy.
Priests can marry.

26. Counter Reformation

27. The Inquisition The Tribunal of the Inquisition
arrests, trials, and torturing of heretics The Congregation of the Index
finding and destroying books that went against Catholic beliefs

28. Founded by a former soldier, Ignatius of Loyola
The Society of Jesus
Founded by a former soldier, Ignatius of Loyola
Aim of the Jesuits was to spread the Catholic religion and defend the Church

29. Council of Trent Published, in Latin, an official version of the Bible
Defended indulgences and good works to earn salvation
Clergy now had to remain celibate