1. Coping with Change Restoration and Reaction
Ideology, Politics and Revolution

2. “Kings have to calculate the chances of their very existence in the immediate future, Passions are let loose and league together to overthrow everything which society respects as the basis of its existence; religion, public morality, laws, customs, rights, and duties, are all attacked, confounded, overthrown, or called into question” - Prince Clemens von Metternich

4. Congress of Vienna
Leading Powers- Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria (France) attended
Attracted pretty much anybody who was “somebody”, or thought they were- many deposed Princes and Dukes, etc…
Prince Metternich

7. Gathering of Victors
Guiding principles of the negotiations- legitimacy and stability
Legitimacy- return all territories to be placed under the control of the old ruling houses
Stability- establishing and maintain a balance of power within Europe, with a particular emphasis on restraining France and certain ‘ideologies’
France was dealt with leniently (Talleyrand)- Louis XVIII

9. Gathering of Victors- Territory
Established buffer states around France- Prussia received land in Western Europe (Rhineland)
Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch Netherlands were unified
Piedmont-Sardinia was enlarged and given special status of sorts
Old Monarchy returned to Spain (Habsburgs)

11. Securing the Settlement
Once the territories and ruling houses were to unofficially returned- political machinery was developed in order to perpetuate the “conservative” program
Holy Alliance- Alexander I (Russia, Austria and Prussia)- to safeguard Christianity
Shows a willingness to intervene in other countries in support of conservative principles
Quadruple Alliance (Concert of Europe)- Austria, Russia, Prussia and Britain- military alliance- France joins in 1818

12. Application- Politics
1820’s- Kingdom of Naples, Piedmont, Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Texas, China- rebellions of constitutional (liberal) and nationalist nature
1825 Decembrist Revolt in Russia (Nicholas I)
In every European case the Alliance sent troops to suppress the rebellions (except in Russia) and were successful
Monroe Doctrine USA

14. Reorganizing Society Ideologies: ideas on how the world should be
Conservatism- Reaction
Liberalism- Political and Individual Freedom
Nationalism- Common identity- liberation
Romanticism- Freedom, Instinct and Spontaneity
Early Socialism- Ending competition/inequity
Scientific Socialism- Marx

15. Restoration and Repression
The forces of Liberalism, Conservatism and Nationalism took center stage as the most influential of the forces
Struggles for influence- pamphlets, , newspapers, courts, parliaments, universities, police barracks and in the streets
Conservatism will prevail in the years after 1815

16. The Bourbons Return
Louis XVIII- conservatism mixed with moderation- kept Napoleonic liberties and administration
Allowed a small element of democracy- voting on legislation (small wealthy demographic)
The people were happy, the returning emigres were angry and were looking for a more reactionary approach- Ultra-Royalists- Comte D’artois (another brother)
1824 D’artois becomes Charles X- wanted to bring back Absolutism- abolished everything (he will be the last Bourbon king)

18. Reaction and Repression in the German States
small German states and 2 large ones (Prussia and Austria)
German Confederation- no army, treasury or even flag
Austria feared liberalism and nationalism (why?)
Within the German states, university students and professors created nationalist groups
Karl Sand

20. Reaction and Repression in the German States
Carlsbad Decrees
Prussia- Hohenzollerns and the Junkers- monarchist and conservative
Prussia had no interest in any form of nationalist or liberal movements but did see the value in economic reform (Zollverein)

21. Restoration in the Italian States
Austrian domination of “Italy”- Lombardy and Venetia directly
Piedmont-Sardinia- conservative, but independent
1820’s rebellions in Sicily and Piedmont- crushed by Austrian forces
The Pope

23. Conservatism in Russia
Vast, feudal society, tiny urban bourgeoisie
Aristocratic upper clergy- Orthodox faith
Commanded considerable respect at Vienna due to its role in defeating Napoleon- Alexander I
The most autocratic and conservative state on Europe (maybe the world)

24. Conservatism in Russia
Alexander dis in 1825 (suspicious death)- Nicholas I becomes Tsar (military career, not educated to be Tsar)
Decembrist revolt Nicholas, on his first day as Tsar, kills his own people- setting the tone as very autocratic and repressive (?)
Decembrists would become liberal martyrs…

26. Holding the Line in Great Britain
1815 Britain- representative parliament history but ruled at the time by conservative forces
5% of adult males could vote due to property restrictions- a few small families ruled the House of Commons
Economic Depression post Napoleonic wars, Luddite Riots
1819 Peterloo Massacre
Six Acts of restricting public meetings, prosecution of radicals

27. Liberal Triumphs Greek War of Independence- see worksheet
July Revolution in France- removal of Charles X- Liberals and workers- King Louis- Philippe- “Citizen King”
1830- Belgian Revolt (Vienna united Belgium and Holland)- Belgian Independence
1830- Switzerland (universal male suffrage)
1830’s-
1834- Spain

29. Britain and Liberalism
Reform Bill extended voting rights (fear from France)
1833 Slavery in British colonies abolished
Liberal economic laws- Corn Law (tariffs on grain imports) repealed, resulted in de-regulation for industrialists
1845 Irish Famine (Holocaust?)- “the state should not meddle in the economy”- Britain’s liberals held fast to their liberal beliefs despite the deaths
Chartists