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U.S. Involvement in WWI
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Economic Insistence on trading rights
Allies blockaded Atlantic trade to C. Powers Insistence on trading rights Laissez-faire loaning to Britain and France Allied defeat = default on loans made Prejudiced U.S. towards trade with allies $835 million (1914)-3.2 billion (1916) Products not as valuable in non-European markets
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Ideological Maintain traditionally held alliances with Britain and France Strong anti-German sentiment Allied propaganda Invasion of neutral Belgium Sinking of the Lusitania (1915) Defense of democracy against German authoritarianism
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Ideological Preparedness movement (1915-1916)
Modernization and militarization Heavy Republican support Wilson eventually supports movement through various military acts (National Defense Act, Naval Expansion Act) Wilson’s internationalism Saw U.S. as crusader for self-determination and diplomacy
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Effects of WWI
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Immediate Effects Paris Peace Conference/Treaty of Versailles
Alliance of European nations (LoN UN) Economic recession in Germany Heavy infrastructure damage Revolutions in Russia, China, Germany Dissolution of Empires (Austria-Hungary, Ottomans, German, Russian) Formation of new states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Increase of radicalized politics Fascism in Italy Communism in Russia Red Scare in U.S. and W. states Women’s voting and liberation
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Long-Term Effects Establishment of authoritarian states in Germany, Italy, USSR, Spain, and Japan Renewed spirit of nationalism Exponential growth of wartime technology Changing economic balance of world US leading creditor and industrial producer Increased tensions/conflict in the Middle East Belfour Declaration vs. Sykes-Pikot Agreement Future creation of Israel (1948)
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World War II
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Economic Lend-Lease Bill
$7 billion of arms and supplies Applicable to GB, Russia, France, and China “biased neutrality” British navy main defense of ships in Atlantic Germany began attacks on U.S. merchant ships due to Lend-Lease Program Imperialism in China and SE Asia threatened British, Dutch, & US business interests Response: Oil embargo in SE Asia against Japan
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Ideological Defense of self-determination
Protection against spreading authoritarian ideology (Fascism and Communism) Soviet involvement in China (not integral) Japanese imperialism in SE Asia Anti-Japanese/immigration mentality Immigration Act of 1924 Globalism = greater involvement in global affairs Creation of domestic committees supporting increased internationalism Fight for Freedom, Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
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Effects of WWII
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Immediate Effects Occupation/Division of Germany
U.S. and USSR global superpowers Ideological conflicts lead to Cold War Red Scare and McCarthyism in US Occupation/Division of Germany Bankruptcy/Recessions in Europe Marshall Plan/COMECON part of recovery American “baby boom” Unprecedented population and economic growth
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Long-Term Effects International institutions (UN, International Monetary Fund) Global decolonization Varying degrees of pacing/success Social changes Civil Rights for African Americans (Civil Rights Act of 1964) 2nd Wave Feminism revitalized Space/Arms race between US and USSR Improvement of technologies from WWII (rockets, nuclear weapons, espionage, computing)
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