1. Religious Wars

3. Charles V (Habsburg)
Inherits huge territory from relatives (Spain, New World, Austria, etc.)
Elected Holy Roman Emperor 1519
Tries to suppress Protestantism, keep power
Wars with France & the Ottoman Turks
Abdicates 1556, splitting lands
West goes to son, Philip II of Spain
East goes to bro, Ferdinand

5. War in Switzerland Catholics Vs Protestants
Agree to peace treaty, each canton (district) gets to decide for itself
Agree to break off foreign alliances

6. Ireland English create Church of Ireland
Irish-Catholic resistance crushed
Lands sold to wealthy English
Irish cling to Catholicism for political and religious reasons

7. The Netherlands Loosely ruled by Habsburgs
Calvinist ideas spread among well to do merchant class
1560’s Philip II tries to suppress Calvinism, raise taxes
Riots break out, Spanish execute 1500

8. Dutch Civil War War between Catholics & Protestants
Spanish Netherlands Vs Union of Utrecht (N. provinces declare independence 1581)
Dutch supported by Elizabeth I of England
Led by William of Orange
1609 United Provinces given independence

9. Spanish Armada 1588
Philip’s huge navy sunk by English fleet while preparing to invade
Part of series of conflicts between Spain and England

10. French Civil Wars (1562-1598) Huguenots Vs Ultra-Catholics
Catherine de Medici dominates sons (3 Valois kings of France) while trying to keep France Catholic
Supported by the Guise Family
Opposed by the Bourbon Family

12. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572
Henry of Guise has opponent murdered night before wedding of Huguenot Henry of Navarre (Bourbon) and his Catholic Fiancé
Rioting breaks out
20,000 Protestants killed
Starts the War of the Three Henry’s

13. War of the 3 Henry’s
Henry of Navarre, Henry of Guise, Henry III (of Valois)
Ultimately, Henry of Navarre is left standing, becomes Henry IV of France

14. Henry IV of France (r.1589-1610) Starts Bourbon dynasty
Ends French Civil Wars
Politique, practical politician like Elizabeth I
Converts to Catholicism publicly, privately Calvinist

15. Edict of Nantes 1598 Order issued by Henry IV Allows Protestants:
to worship privately (not in Paris)
to wall cities, keep arms
Serve in government
Truce in religious wars in France