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Cells – What are they? Chapter 7 (p. 168 – 195)
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1. Why were the first lenses constructed?
They were constructed to look at the threads in clothing to see how good of quality they were. They were then used to look at various other items – including living things (cells)
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Tiny common structures that make up every living thing
2. Cells Tiny common structures that make up every living thing Basic unit of structure and function of living things Basic unit of life
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3. Why did Hooke call the small chambers cells?
Robert Hooke used the term “cells” (small rooms) because he thought they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in. Like jail cells – small rooms on top of each other
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Cork Cells – Dead Plant Remains
When he looked at cork…
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Widely accepted explanation of the relationship between
4. Define Cell Theory: Widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things.
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1. All living things are composed of cells
5. Cell Theory States… 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things 3. All cells are produced from other cells
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Schleiden (Botanist) Schwann (Biologist) Virchow (Physician)
Cell Theory Composed of findings by multiple scientists Most well known are Schleiden (Botanist) Schwann (Biologist) Virchow (Physician)
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Cell differ in shape and size They are still all microscopic!!!!
6. Cell Differences Cell differ in shape and size They are still all microscopic!!!!
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Cells that DO NOT have a nucleus!
7. Prokaryotes Cells that DO NOT have a nucleus!
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Cells that do have a nucleus
8. Eukaryote Cells that do have a nucleus
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YOU are a EU-karyote Your cells have nuclei You have a brain
Eukaryotes – YOU! YOU are a EU-karyote Your cells have nuclei You have a brain
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9. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and Prokaryotes do not Eukaryotes are larger Eukaryotes are more complex
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Inside cells are even smaller structures called organelles.
Organelles carry out specific functions within a cell. Just like your stomach, lungs and hearts all have specific functions!
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11. All cells have… Cell Membrane Cytoplasm
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Cell Organelles – Inside the Cell
12.Cytoplasm Everything inside a cell besides for the nucleus…this include all the cell organelles and water in a cell
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Organelles – Outside the Cell
13. Cell Membrane Protects cell and regulates what substances enter and leave a cell 14. Cell Wall Rigid structure that surrounds a plant cell and gives it shape
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Where ribosomes are made
Organelles - Nucleus 16. Nucleolus Where ribosomes are made 15.Nucleus Control center or brain of the cell – Holds directions for all function of the cell
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Surrounds and protects the nucleus
Organelles - Nucleus 18.Chromatin Contain genetic material which are instructions for directing the cells function 17. Nuclear Envelope Surrounds and protects the nucleus
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Cell Organelles Cytoplasm: The material within a cell apart from the nucleus Mitochondria: Rod-Shaped cell structures that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions Endoplasmic Reticulum: A cell structure that forms passageways in which proteins and other materials can be carried. Ribosomes: A small grain-like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made.
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Cell Organelles Golgi Bodies: A structure that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, packages them and distributes them Chloroplasts: A structure in the cells of plants that captures energy from sunlight to use to make food
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Cell Organelles Vacuoles: Storage units in the cell
Lysosomes: A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones
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Most Common Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Functions: Energy rich – provides energy right away Example: Sugars and Starches (potatoes)
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Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Lipids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Functions: Energy rich – provides energy later Example: Fats, oils and waxes
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Proteins Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur
Functions: Structure of cells Example: Feathers, spider webs and fingernails
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Protein chains are made up of amino acids
Proteins Protein chains are made up of amino acids
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Nucleic Acids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Functions: Carries instructions that cells need to carry out all of life’s functions Example: DNA and RNA (Deoxyribonucleic acids)
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Cell Division Chapter 10 Section 2
62. What is the cell cycle? The process by which cells divide and make more of themselves 63. Mitosis is made up of 4 parts: Prophase: Chromatin condense to form chromosomes Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at middle of cell Anaphase: Chromosomes spite and move to opposite end of cells Telophase: Chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rod like appearance
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Cell Division is actually made up of 3 parts Interphase Mitosis
Cytokinesis
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Mitosis (Second Step of Cell Division)
Prophase Chromatin condense to form chromosomes Metaphase Chromosomes line up at middle of cell
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Mitosis (Second Step of Cell Division)
Anaphase Chromosomes spite and move to opposite end of cells Telophase Chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rod like appearance
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Cytokinesis 64. What is cytokinesis?
The division of a cell’s cytoplasm Directly follows mitosis
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65. The WORD Cytokinesis “kytos” means “hollow vessel”
“kinesis” means “motion” “cyto” means “cells” All together it means “movement within the cell”
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66. Cytokinesis in Plant vs. Animals Cells
Animal cells: Cell membrane squeezes together and cytoplasm divides into two cells. Plant Cells: A cell plate forms across the middle and gradually develops into a new cell membrane.
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Plant vs. Animal Cell
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Mitosis in Cheek Cells
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Name that Phase! ANAPHASE! TELOPHASE!
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Name that Phase! PROPHASE! PROPHASE!
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