1. Cells – What are they?
Chapter 7 (p. 168 – 195)

2. 1. Why were the first lenses constructed?
They were constructed to look at the threads in clothing to see how good of quality they were.
They were then used to look at various other items – including living things (cells)

3. Tiny common structures that make up every living thing
2. Cells
Tiny common structures that make up every living thing
Basic unit of structure and function of living things
Basic unit of life

4. 3. Why did Hooke call the small chambers cells?
Robert Hooke used the term “cells” (small rooms) because he thought they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in.
Like jail cells – small rooms on top of each other

5. Cork Cells – Dead Plant Remains
When he looked at cork…

6. Widely accepted explanation of the relationship between
4. Define Cell Theory:
Widely accepted explanation of the relationship between
cells and living things.

7. 1. All living things are composed of cells
5. Cell Theory States…
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3. All cells are produced from other cells

8. Schleiden (Botanist) Schwann (Biologist) Virchow (Physician)
Cell Theory
Composed of findings by multiple scientists
Most well known are
Schleiden (Botanist)
Schwann (Biologist)
Virchow (Physician)

9. Cell differ in shape and size They are still all microscopic!!!!
6. Cell Differences
Cell differ in shape and size
They are still all microscopic!!!!

10. Cells that DO NOT have a nucleus!
7. Prokaryotes
Cells that DO NOT have a nucleus!

11. Cells that do have a nucleus
8. Eukaryote
Cells that do have a nucleus

12. YOU are a EU-karyote Your cells have nuclei You have a brain
Eukaryotes – YOU!
YOU are a EU-karyote
Your cells have nuclei
You have a brain

13. 9. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and Prokaryotes do not
Eukaryotes are larger
Eukaryotes are more complex

14. Inside cells are even smaller structures called organelles.
Organelles carry out specific functions within a cell.
Just like your stomach, lungs and hearts all have specific functions!

15. 11. All cells have…
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

16. Cell Organelles – Inside the Cell
12.Cytoplasm
Everything inside a cell besides for the nucleus…this include all the cell organelles and water in a cell

17. Organelles – Outside the Cell
13. Cell Membrane
Protects cell and regulates what substances enter and leave a cell
14. Cell Wall
Rigid structure that surrounds a plant cell and gives it shape

18. Where ribosomes are made
Organelles - Nucleus
16. Nucleolus
Where ribosomes are made
15.Nucleus
Control center or brain of the cell – Holds directions for all function of the cell

19. Surrounds and protects the nucleus
Organelles - Nucleus
18.Chromatin
Contain genetic material which are instructions for directing the cells function
17. Nuclear Envelope
Surrounds and protects the nucleus

20. Cell Organelles
Cytoplasm: The material within a cell apart from the nucleus
Mitochondria: Rod-Shaped cell structures that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum: A cell structure that forms passageways in which proteins and other materials can be carried.
Ribosomes: A small grain-like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made.

21. Cell Organelles
Golgi Bodies: A structure that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, packages them and distributes them
Chloroplasts: A structure in the cells of plants that captures energy from sunlight to use to make food

22. Cell Organelles Vacuoles: Storage units in the cell
Lysosomes: A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones

23. Most Common Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

24. Carbohydrates Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Functions: Energy rich – provides energy right away
Example: Sugars and Starches (potatoes)

25. Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Lipids
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Functions: Energy rich – provides energy later
Example: Fats, oils
and waxes

26. Proteins Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur
Functions: Structure of cells
Example: Feathers, spider webs and fingernails

27. Protein chains are made up of amino acids
Proteins
Protein chains are made up of amino acids

28. Nucleic Acids
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Functions: Carries instructions that cells need to carry out all of life’s functions
Example: DNA and RNA (Deoxyribonucleic acids)

29. Cell Division Chapter 10 Section 2
62. What is the cell cycle?
The process by which cells divide and make more of themselves
63. Mitosis is made up of 4 parts:
Prophase: Chromatin condense to form chromosomes
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at middle of cell
Anaphase: Chromosomes spite and move to opposite end of cells
Telophase: Chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rod like appearance

30. Cell Division is actually made up of 3 parts Interphase Mitosis
Cytokinesis

31. Mitosis (Second Step of Cell Division)
Prophase
Chromatin condense to form chromosomes
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at middle of cell

32. Mitosis (Second Step of Cell Division)
Anaphase
Chromosomes spite and move to opposite end of cells
Telophase
Chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rod like appearance

33. Cytokinesis 64. What is cytokinesis?
The division of a cell’s cytoplasm
Directly follows mitosis

34. 65. The WORD Cytokinesis “kytos” means “hollow vessel”
“kinesis” means “motion”
“cyto” means “cells”
All together it means “movement within the cell”

35. 66. Cytokinesis in Plant vs. Animals Cells
Animal cells: Cell membrane squeezes together and cytoplasm divides into two cells.
Plant Cells: A cell plate forms across the middle and gradually develops into a new cell membrane.

36. Plant vs. Animal Cell

37. Mitosis in Cheek Cells

38. Name that Phase!
ANAPHASE!
TELOPHASE!

39. Name that Phase!
PROPHASE!
PROPHASE!