1. Unit 1 – Principles of Cell Biology
Chapter 1 biology & you
Unit 1 – Principles of Cell Biology

2. Biology & The Themes Biology – study of life
Theme 1 – Cellular Structure & Function
Cells – the smallest and highly organized unit that can perform all life functions
The basic structure of a cell is identical in all organisms
Theme 2 – Reproduction
Reproduction – a process used for the purpose of increasing the amount of one’s species from one generation to the next
The speed of reproduction depends on the species
Does speed of reproduction benefit a species?

3. Biology & The Themes continued
Theme 3 – Metabolism
Metabolism – the sum of all the chemical reactions completed by an organism.
The flow of energy begins with sunlight, transferred to photosynthetic organisms and plants then eaten by organisms such as humans
Theme 4 – Homeostasis
Homeostasis – the maintaining of a stable, balance within in an organism even with the effect of external conditions
Imbalances of homeostasis can cause an organism to become sick or ultimately die
Students should provide examples of homeostasis

4. Biology & The Themes continued
Theme 5 - Heredity
Heredity – the passing on of traits from parents to offspring
Gene – basic unit of heredity (codes of DNA)
Mutation – change in DNA of a gene (negative or positive effect)

5. Biology & The Themes continued
Theme 6 – Evolution
Evolution – changes in inherited traits over generations
Species – a group of genetically similar organisms that produce fertile offspring
Natural Selection – organisms with favorable traits are likely to survive and reproduce
Theme 7 – Interdependence
Ecology – studying the interactions of organisms with one another and with the non-living parts of their environment

6. Section 2 – Biology in Your World
Preserving Our Environment
One of the greatest achievements has been to show the benefits of taking care of our environment.
Individuals and industries are trying to find ways to reduce waste and conserve nature and energy.
Improving Food Supply
Genetic engineering of crops – transferring of genes from one type of plant to another type to produce more beneficial crops
What types of foods do you know that are genetically modified?

7. Section 2 - Continued Understanding the Human Genome
Genome – a complete genetic set of material contained within an individual
Human Genome
3 billion individual units
DNA sequenced at 1,000 units/second
How can this information be used?

8. Fighting Diseases AIDS Cancer
A fatal disease caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
HIV – a virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system
HIV is hard to make a vaccine for because the genetic sequence is altered as it passes from person to person
Cancer
A growth defect in the cell cycle, a break down or alteration of the mechanism that controls cell division
The key to cancer is early detection and targeting of extra copies of proteins in the cells

9. Fighting Diseases Emerging Diseases Gene Therapy
Diseases that are being revived from past incidents due to traveling abroad
West Nile Virus – transmitted from mosquitos originating from Africa
Mad Cow Disease – caused by eating infected cattle meat
Gene Therapy
Replacement of a defective gene with a normal version of that gene
Disorders that are good candidates for gene therapy:
Cystic fibrosis
Muscle Dystrophy
Hemophilia
Cystic fibrosis – thick, sticky mucus clogs passages in the body’s organs
Muscle Dystrophy – progressive weakness in muscle mass
Hemophilia – lack of blood clotting

10. Reading Method - TWIQ T – Topic W – Words I – Ideas Q – Questions
In the text the topics of each section are written in RED and should be written first.
W – Words
Vocabulary words – they are bolded
I – Ideas
The amount of ideas is based on the length of the section – they should be abbreviated and to the point
Q – Questions
At least two questions that could be asked about the information to test your knowledge

11. These both need to be written before anything else!
Chapter 1 –Themes of Biology
1. Characteristics of Living Organisms
Words:
This section is created by skimming the section for all the bolded terms!
Biology – study of life
Ideas:
a. Distinguish between living and non-living
Life is maintained by reproduction
Cells provide necessary life processes
This section is created as you read the section fully
Questions:
1. How do organisms adapt to their environment?
2. What do all organisms share?
This section is created as if you were to quiz a classmate on the section information.

12. Scientific Processes
Observation: act of jotting down the perception of objects or events using any of your senses
Example: There are bubbles coming from the reaction between carbon dioxide and limestone
David Bradford – Frogs
Counting frog populations in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks
Observed a large decrease over the years
John Harte – Amphibians
Tiger salamanders – populations decreasing by 65% in Rockies
Processes Insight: Observations are used to find the cause of the problems and provide evidence to support the claims about the problems
Design an experiment activity

13. Stages of Scientific Investigations
Collecting Observations
The observations need to be clear, precise and specific!
John Harte Observations:
Animal behavior, reproduction and environmental conditions
Asking Questions
Curiosity is the foundation of observations
Questions link together observations to form theories

14. Stages of Scientific Investigations
Forming Hypotheses & Making Predictions
Hypothesis: an explanation or statement that can be tested by experiments or additional observations – can never be 100% true!
Prediction: an expected outcome of a test assuming the hypothesis is correct.
Confirming Predictions
pH: a relative measure of the hydrogen ion concentration within a solution

15. Confirming Predictions continued
Experiment: a planned process to test a hypothesis
Control Group: a group in an experiment that has no experimental treatment (all conditions all kept the same)
Independent Variable: the factor of the experiment that is changed (x-axis)
Dependent Variable: the factor that is measured (or depends on the independent variable) – (y-axis)

16. Stages of Scientific Investigations
Drawing Conclusions
Conclusions are based on data and observations – this can either support or reject an hypothesis
Conclusions may lead to new hypothesis or different experimental questions
Viewing Conclusions in Context
Supporting hypotheses is the beginning of experimentation – these hypotheses and conclusions must be viewed with the original problem to see if the data fits
Many roads (causes) lead to the same conclusions
Look at page 18

17. Scientific Explanations
Explanations do not come from one experiment – it takes many to provide answers
Theory: a set of related hypotheses that have been tested and supported more than once.
Constructing a Theory
An educated guess
Careful Observations
Experimentation
Validated Experiment
Additional Observations
Drawing Conclusions
Supporting/Rejecting Hypotheses