1. Animal Form & Function

2. Question 1: Tissue Types
Epithelial: Covers surface of body, lines body cavities. Ex. Skin and stomach tissue
Connective: Holds organs in place, supports body. Ex. tendons and ligaments
Muscular: Generate physical force and movement
Nervous: Controls, coordinates body movement by detecting change and responding. Ex. Brain and spinal cord

3. Question 2: Bioenergetics
Flow of ENERGY through an animal
Food digested & absorbed
Glucose used to create ATP (cellular respiration)
Nutrients also used for cell repair, lipid synthesis, body growth, etc

4. Question 3a: Size vs Metabolic Rate
Metabolic Rate: Amount of energy used per unit time
Amount of energy to maintain each gram of body weight INVERSELY related to body size
Smaller animals have higher metabolic rate  higher breathing/heart rates
*Link between surface area and volume ratios in endotherms

5. Question 3b: BMR and SMR
BMR: Nongrowing, non stressed ENDOTHERM at rest
SMR: Non growing, non stressed ECTOTHERM at rest (determined at a specific temperature)

6. Question 4: Energy Budgets
Illustrates how animals allocate energy & resources depending on individual needs as a species
What’s Important?
Size
Gender
Endotherm vs ectoterm
Behaviours (ex. mating, territoriality)

8. Question 5a: Homeostasis
Maintaining the INTERNAL balance of an organism
Ex. Water regulation, body temperature, hormone control

9. Question 5b: Negative vs Positive Feedback
Negative: Change triggers responses to counteract any more changes  return to “normal” conditions
Ex. Insulin & blood sugar levels

10. Positive: Triggers amplification of a change (pushes away from homeostasis)
Ex. Oxytocin release during childbirth
End point = baby is born!

11. Question 6a: Endotherms vs Ectotherms
Endotherms: Use metabolic heat to maintain constant body temperature
Ectotherms: Gain/maintain heat from their environment (have LOW metabolic rate)
6b. Pros and Cons? What do you think? Discuss and add your thoughts in the space provided.

12. Question 7: Countercurrent Heat Exchange
Arteries carry warm blood in parallel to veins (cooler blood) down extremities
Venous blood warmed by arterial blood as it cools farther from animal’s core
*Minimizes heat loss!
*Animals usually immersed in water (ex. dolphins)

13. Question 8: Heat Exchange Terminology
Conduction- losing heat through physical contact with another object or body
Convection- losing heat through the movement of air or water molecules across the skin
Radiation- transfer of heat from one object to another, with no physical contact involved
Evaporation- losing heat through the conversion of water to gas (evaporation of sweat)

14. Question 9b: Behavioural Responses
Hibernation: Decrease in body core temperature (decreased metabolism)
-Conserves energy during winter months
Migration: Movement to more favourable environment

15. Question 10: Torpor, Hibernation, Estivation
Torpor: Adaptations to save energy by decreasing metabolism & activity
Estivation: During hot weather (extreme heat, low water availability)
Hibernation: Long term torpor  extreme decrease in body temp