1. Plant Kingdom

2. General Characteristics
- Undergo photosynthesis
- Cell wall
- Chlorophyll
- Longest living organisms on Earth
2 stages of life cycle (reproduction)
1)sporophyte
2)gametophyte
producers- they make their own food
Cuticles- a waxy layer that coats most of the
surface that is exposed to air

3. Plant classification 2 types of Plants Nonvascular Vascular
Nonvascular -No specialized tissues for transport
Plant no true roots, stems, and leaves
-Smaller in size
-Rely on diffusion for water and nutrients
- mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
- they grow on soil, bark of trees, and rocks

4. - Has specialized tissues for transport
Vascular Plants
- Has specialized tissues for transport
- Composed of systems: Root, Stem, Leaves
3 Types of Vascular Plants
1. Seedless
2. Gymnosperm- non-flowering seed plant
3. Angiosperm- flower or fruit seed plant

5. Seedless Plants
Contain a vascular system but produce no seeds.
Grow tall
Help form soil
Prevent soil erosion
Ferns: grow in many places
Club mosses: grown in woodlands
Horsetails: grow in wet marshy places

6. SEED PLANTS
Gymnosperm
- Do NOT produce flowers
- Usually woody (Ex: Trees)
- Needle-like leaves ex:conifers
Angiosperm
- Produces flowers and fruit
Seeds are contained within fruit
Most abundant plants
2 Types of Angiosperms
1. Monocots
2. Dicots

7. Cotyledon
- Seed leaf
Monocots
- Leaves with parallel veins
- Flower parts in threes
- Bundles of vascular tissue are scattered
One cotyledon
Ex:grasses, orchids,onions, lilies, & palms
Dicot
- Leaves with branching veins
- Flower parts in fours or fives
- Bundles of vascular tissue in rings
Two cotyledons
Ex: roses,cactuses,sunflowers,peanuts,&peas

9. Seed Plant Structure

10. 2 Types of Vascular Tissue
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
Xylem
- Transports water and minerals through plant
Phloem
- Transports food to all parts of plant
3 Main Functions of Roots
1. Absorb water and minerals from soil
2. Keep plants secure in ground
3. Store extra food made during photosynthesis

11. 2 types of root systems
Taproot systems- one main root, reach water
deep underground
2. Fibrous root system- several roots that spread
out from the base, get water close
to soil surface.

13. 3 Main Functions of Stems
1. Support the plant body
2. Transport materials
3. Store extra materials
ex; cactuses- water
Soft, thin, and flexible
Ex: wildflowers, poppies, clover
Herbaceous Stem
Woody Stem
Rigid, made of wood and bark
Ex: Trees and shrubs
Leaves
- Main function is to produce food
Cuticle
- Outer covering of leaves
- Prevents water loss

14. Stomata
- Tiny openings on leaves
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
Epidermis
- Layer right inside of cuticle
- Allow light to pass through
- Under the upper epidermis
Palisade Layer
- Where the majority of photosynthesis occurs
Spongy Layer
- Below the palisade layer
- Provides space for gases to flow freely
- Contains xylem and phloem

16. - Protects the flower while it’s a bud
Flowers Parts
Sepal
- Modified leaves
- Protects the flower while it’s a bud
Petal
- Brightly colored leaf-shape
- Attracts animals and insects
Stamen
- Male reproductive structure
-Contain a thin stalk called filaments
-Filaments are topped with an anther
-Anthers are sac-like structures that produce pollen
Pollen
- Male sex cells
- Contain sperm

17. - Female reproductive structure
Pistil
- Female reproductive structure
- Composed of a stigma, style, and ovary
- Catches pollen for fertilization
Ovary
- Found at the rounded base of the pistil
- Contains ovule and eggs
- Ovules develop into a seed
- Ovary develop into fruit

19. Alternation of Generations
- Plants have two stages in their life cycles
Sporophyte
-Plants make spores
-In a suitable environment(damp soil) the spores
grow into gametophytes
-female gametophytes produce eggs, male
gametophytes produce sperm.
-Sperm must fertilize an egg for a new plant
to grow
-Fertilized egg grows into a sporophyte.
Sporophyte makes spores, cycle continues
Gametophyte

23. From Seed to Plant
- Some seeds become dormant
- Germination occurs when seed is planted in a suitable environment
Germination
- Sprouting of a seed

24. Asexual Methods of Reproduction
1. Plantlets
2. Tubers
3. Runners
Plantlets
- Tiny plants grow along edge of leaves
- Falls off and begins growing on its own
Tubers
- Underground stems develop
- Produces new plants
Runners
- Above-ground stems develop
- New plants develop called runners