1. Written on the board to the left.
Complete Bell Work
Written on the board to the left.

2. Why do we continue to overuse antibiotics, knowing the risks?
Superbugs Article
Essential Question:
Why do we continue to overuse antibiotics, knowing the risks?

3. Top Three Causes of Death
Working with the people around you, brainstorm and discuss the top three causes of death from 100 years ago, today, and persons years old.

4. 1915 Influenza Pneumonia Tuberculosis
How can we categorize the top three causes of death from 100 years ago?

5. How can we categorize the top three causes of death from today?
Heart Disease
Stroke
Cancer
How can we categorize the top three causes of death from today?

6. Accidents (Leading- Car)
14-24 Year Olds
Accidents (Leading- Car)
Suicide
Homicide
How can we categorize the top three causes of death affecting persons years old?

7. Top 3 Causes of Death 1915 Today 14-24 Year Olds Influenza Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Heart Disease
Stroke
Cancer
Accidents (Leading- Car)
Suicide
Homicide
Infectious/
Communicable
Lifestyle; Chronic/
Noninfectious
Preventable

8. What is an infectious disease?
Communicable Disease
Occurs as a result of infection caused by a germ/pathogen that was passed through the air or through contact with something, and then was transmitted to the mouth or other body opening.
What are some ways we can prevent the passage of communicable diseases?
Washing hands frequently, controlling a cough or sneeze by using a tissue, not using someone else’s toothbrush.

9. What are pathogens? Germ
Microscopic organism that causes disease when it enters and reproduces in the body.
Types of pathogens:
Viruses
Bacteria
Rickettsias
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths

10. Pathogens
Bacteria
Cause disease by releasing toxins, or poisonous substances.
Strep throat, TB, tetanus, Lyme disease
Rickettsia
Intracellular parasites that are classified as bacteria.
Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Fungi
Obtain food from organic materials, such as plant, animal, or human tissue.
Athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch, nail infections, thrush
Virus
Viruses will take over a cell and use the cell’s nucleic acids to replicate.
Mumps, cold, hepatitis, mononucleosis, chicken pox, and influenza
Protozoa
Tiny, single-celled organisms which produce toxins .
Malaria, African sleeping sickness, and dysentery
Helminth
Parasitic worm
Tapeworms, pinworms, hookworms

11. Examples of Communicable Diseases
Measles
Polio
Mumps
Chicken Pox
Strep Throat
Tetanus
Ringworm
Influenza (flu)
Common Cold

12. The Body’s Defenses against Disease
Barrier
How?
Skin
Skin must break for invader to penetrate.
Body Secretions
Sweat and oil glands kill or repel invaders.
How about earwax, tears, and nasal secretions?
Mucous
Traps and engulfs
Membranes
The power of cilia!
Enzymes and Compounds in Blood
Kills the invader- burst, cell membrane destruction, or slowing reproduction.
Immune System
Antigens/Antibodies; White Blood Cells
Interferon and Natural Substances
Protection against a virus invading.

13. The Immune System
Immunity is the state of being protected against diseases or through the activities of the immune system.
Antigen: anything that invades the body and causes our immune system to kick in.
Antibodies: developed by the body to destroy or lessen the effects of the bad guy/antigen.
Specific!
When we are invaded by germs, the immune system swings into action to destroy the infectious agent.
Antigen= foreign body

14. How does the Immune System do this?
Several ways:
Phagocytosis
Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity
The immune system works in several ways to protect against diseases and infections.

15. Phagocytosis
The ingestion and destruction of pathogens (germs) by several different types of white blood cells.
Attracted to infection sites, where they engulf and digest microorganisms and debris.
1. Adherence
2. Ingestion
3. Digestion

16. Humoral Immunity
Protection provided by antibodies derived from B cells.

17. Cellular Immunity
T cells are activated and attack microbes or abnormal cells (ex. Viral or tumor cells).

18. Lymphocytes Type of white blood cell Two types: T cells and B cells
T cells circulate through the lymphatic tissue and the bloodstream , neutralizing antigens (bad guys!)
T helpers increase response of other lymphocytes (Calling for backup).
T suppressor cells release the response of other lymphocytes.
When the antigen invades the body and the body recognizes the foreign invader, B cells produce the antibodies which destroy the antigens.

19. Immunity
Natural Immunity- the body develops immunity from the disease through having the disease.
Artificial Immunity- acquired through vaccination when killed or weakened organisms or toxins are injected into the body to stimulate antibody formation.

20. What is Non-Communicable?
Group of diseases or disorders which is typically inherited from parents.
You cannot “catch” these diseases from another individual.

21. Genetics? Some I’m stuck!?
You may have a genetic predisposition towards the disease; however, making wise and healthy choices, the disease can be controlled/managed.
Examples of Non-Communicable Diseases that stem from heredity:
Diabetes
Asthma
Allergies
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer

22. Homework Assignment Disease Mapping
Complete the “Disease Mapping” graphic organizer to better understand an infectious disease of your choice.
First, begin with the infectious disease. Write the disease in the “disease” box.
From there, research what type of pathogen causes the disease, how the disease is treated, and common symptoms of the disease.
Let’s try one together.
Resource: Kid’s Health website