1. TCO 7
Given the assets and liabilities of a bank and the required reserve ratio, calculate the maximum potential of the banking system to create deposits, assuming no leakages from the banking system.
Explain the use of M1 and M2 to measure the supply of money.
Use actual figures of the money supply to illustrate the overwhelming importance of bank deposits in the money supply.
Explain the process of multiple deposit creation.

2. The Four Jobs of Money Medium of exchange Standard of value
Store of value
Standard of deferred payment

3. Medium of Exchange
The most important job of money is to serve as a medium of exchange
When any good or service is purchased, people use money
Money makes it easier to buy and sell because money is universally accepted
Money, then, provides us with a shortcut in doing business
By acting as a medium of exchange, money performs its most important function

4. Standard of Value
Money is a common denominator in which the relative value of goods and services can be expressed
A job that pays $2 an hour would be nearly impossible to fill, while one paying $50 an hour would be swamped with applications
Does money work well as a standard of value? You tell me

5. Store of Value
If you could buy 100 units of goods and services with $100 in 1983, how many units could you buy with $100 in 2003?
Answer: you could have bought just 51 units
During this period, inflation robbed the dollar of almost half of its purchasing power
Over the long run, particularly since World War II, money has been a very poor store of value
However, over relatively short periods of time, say, a few weeks or months, money does not lose much of its value

6. Standard of Deferred Payment
Many contracts promise to pay fixed sums of money well into the future
A couple of examples are 30-year corporate bonds and a 20-year mortgage

7. Standard of Deferred Payment
When Dave Winfield signed a 10-year, $23 million contract with the New York Yankees in 1980, he really got stuck
Because over the next 10 years the consumer price index went up by almost 59 percent
Today when a professional ballplayer, entertainer, or virtually anyone else signs a long-term contract, she or he is generally protected by an escalator clause, which calls for increased payments to compensate for any future inflation

8. Money versus Barter
Without money, the only way to do business is by bartering
For barter to work, I must want what you have and you must want what I have
This makes it pretty difficult to do business
“Everything, then, must be assessed in money: for this enables men always to exchange their services, and so makes society possible”
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics

9. Our Money Supply
Money consist of coins, paper money, demand (or checking) deposits, and checklike deposits (commonly called NOW – or negotiable order of withdrawal – accounts) held by the nonbank public
Coins and paper money together are considered currency
Five of every ten dollars in our money supply are demand deposits and other checkable deposits
Virtually all the rest is currency
Checks are not money, demand (or checking deposits) are money

10. Our Money Supply Currency M1, M2, and M3 + Demand deposits
+ Other checkable deposits
+ Traveler’s checks
= M1 (traditionally our basic money supply)

11. Our Money Supply M1, M2, and M3 Currency + Demand deposits
+ Other checkable deposits
+ Traveler’s checks
= M1
+ Savings deposits
+ Small-denomination time deposits (less than $100,00)
+ Money market mutual funds held by individuals
= M2

12. Our Money Supply M1, M2, and M3 Currency + Demand deposits
+ Other checkable deposits
+ Traveler’s checks
= M1
+ Savings deposits
+ Small-denomination time deposits (less than $100,00)
+ Money market mutual funds held by individuals
= M2
+ Large denomination time deposits (more than $100,00)
+ Money market mutual funds held by institutions
+ Other less liquid assets
= M3
M1, M2, and M3

13. The Demand for Money
The amount of money people hold is called money balances
John Maynard Keynes noted that people had three reasons for holding money
People hold money to make transactions
People hold money for precautionary reasons
People hold money to speculate
Economists have since identified four factors that influence the three Keynesian motives for holding money
The price level
Income
The interest rate
Credit availability

14. The Keynesian Motives for Holding Money
The transaction motive
Individuals have day-to-day purchases for which they pay in cash or by check
Individuals take care of their rent or mortgage payment, car payment, monthly bills, and major purchases by check
Businesses need substantial checking accounts to pay their bills and meet their payrolls

15. The Keynesian Motives for Holding Money
The precautionary motive
People will keep money on hand just in case some unforeseen emergency arises
They do not actually expect to spend this money, but they want to be ready if the need arises

16. The Keynesian Motives for Holding Money
The speculative motive
When interest rates are very low you don’t stand to lose much holding your assets in the form of money
Alternatively, by tying up your assets in the form of bonds, you actually stand to lose money should interest rates rise
You would be locked into very low rates
This motive is based on the belief that better opportunities for investment will come along and that, in particular, interest rates will rise

17. Four Influences on the Demand for Money
The price level
As the price level rises, people need to hold higher money balances to carry out day-to-day transactions
As the price level rises, the purchasing power of the dollar declines, so the longer you hold money, the less that money is worth
Even though people tend to cut down on their money balances during periods of inflation, as the price level rises people will hold larger money balances

18. Four Influences on the Demand for Money
Income
The more you make, the more you spend
The more you spend, the more money you need to hold as cash or in your checking account
Therefore as income rises, so does the demand for money balances

19. Four Influences on the Demand for Money
Interest rates
The quantity of money demanded (held) goes down as interest rates rise
The alternative to holding your assets in the form of money is to hold them in some type of interest- bearing paper
As interest rates rise, these assets become more attractive than money balances

20. Four Influences on the Demand for Money
Credit availability
If you can get credit, you don’t need to hold so much money
The last three decades have seen a veritable explosion in consumer credit in the form of credit cards and bank loans
Over this period, increasing credit availability has been exerting a downward pressure on the demand for money

21. Four Influences on the Demand for Money
Four generalizations
As interest rates rise, people tend to hold less money
As the rate of inflation rises, people tend to hold more money
As the level of income rises, people tend to hold more money
As credit availability increases, people tend to hold less money

22. The Demand Schedule for Money
The Three Demands for Money

23. Total Demand for Money
This is the sum of the transaction demand, precautionary demand, and speculative demand for money shown in the previous slide

24. Total Demand for Money and the Supply of Money
The interest rate of 7.2 percent is found at the intersection of the total demand for money and the supply of money (M)
Since at any given time the supply of money (M) is fixed it can be represented as a vertical line

25. Who Controls the Interest Rates?
The people who borrow money
Players
Banks
Referees
The FED
Coach

26. Modern Banking
A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits, makes loans, and offers checking accounts
Banks keep about 2 percent of their deposits in the form of vault cash
All the nation’s commercial banks, credit unions, savings and loan associations, and mutual savings banks now have to keep up to 10 percent of their checking deposits on reserve
This means “on the books”
Remember, checking deposits are bookkeeping entries

27. Modern Banking Commercial Banks
Until the passage of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980, only commercial banks were allowed to issue checking deposits
They were the only institutions clearly recognized as banks
Commercial banks account for the bulk of checkable deposits
There are 8,000 commercial banks in the United States

28. Modern Banking Mutual Savings Banks
Mostly operated in the northeastern United States, these institutions were created in the 19th century to encourage savings by the “common people”
They traditionally made small personal loans, but today, like savings and loan associations, they offer the same range of services as commercial banks
There are nearly 1,400 mutual savings banks

29. Modern Banking Savings and Loan Associations
Although originally established to finance home building, these associations also offer most of the services offered by commercial banks
The nearly 1,100 S&Ls invest more than three quarters of their savings deposits in home mortgages

30. Modern Banking Credit Unions
Although there are nearly 10,000 credit unions in the United States, they hold less than 5 percent of total savings deposits
Credit unions offer a full range of financial services
They specialize in small consumer loans
Credit unions are cooperatives that generally serve specific employee, union, or community groups

31. Modern Banking
The Banking Act of 1980 blurred the distinction between commercial banks and the three other depository institutions
The main distinction – that before 1980 only commercial banks were legally allowed to issue checking accounts – was swept away in 1980

32. Bank Lending
Banks borrow money at low interest rates and lend money out at much higher interest rates
Currently, banks pay either zero or up to maybe 3 percent interest on most deposits – and perhaps 1 or 2 points more if you leave your money on deposit for a few years
Banks charge about 7 percent for fixed rate mortgages, a bit more for business loans, and about 18 percent on credit card loans

33. The Creation and Destruction of Money
Banks create money by making loans
This money is created out of nothing
This money is new money in the form of additional demand deposits
Money is destroyed when a loan is repaid
When a loan is repaid, demand deposit accounts go down
This money disappears back into nothing
The interest that was paid does not disappear
The Federal Reserve can affect the bank’s ability to create money by increasing or decreasing the bank’s reserve requirements

34. How money is created Step 1.
Bank of DeVry
Reserves = deposits = $1 million
Required Reserves = 10% or 1/10 = 100,000
Excess Reserves = 90% or 900,000 which are loaned out to earn income for the bank

35. How Money is Created Step 2.
Bank of DeVry
I deposit $100,000 in the bank so deposits are now $1,100,000. The bank now has required reserves of 110,000 and excess of 90,000 which it can loan.

36. How Money is Created Step 3.
Bank of DeVry
Bank loans out 90,000 to a person who buys a house. The seller of the house deposits the money if her bank, Bank of On-Campus
Bank of On-Campus
Bank of On-Campus now has new deposits of 90,000, new required reserves of 9,000 and excess reserves of 81,000 which it will loan out to someone else.

37. How much money COULD be created through all steps.
Bank of DeVry
Bank of On-Campus
Bank of next
Banks of etc.
The money multiplier in this case is 10. It is the reciprocal of the required reserve ratio [10% in this case]. To find the amount by which the banking system could increase the money supply, multiple the new deposit by the multiplier.