3. Vascular Seed plants Two Groups Gymnosperms – means naked seed
Angiosperms – means true flowering plant

4. Vascular Seed plants Have vascular tissue Have seeds xylem and phloem
A plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering

5. Vascular Seed plants
More common than seedless vascular and nonvascular plants – over 260,000 identified species
Gametophyte is within the sporophyte

6. Vascular Seed Plants
Gametophyte grows in reproductive structures known as cones or flowers
Gymnosperms use cones
Angiosperms use flowers
Gametophyte produces gametes – egg and sperm

7. Gymnosperm Pollination
The male gametophyte is within a pollen grain
Pollen travels through the wind or via insects or other animals
The pollen produces sperm if it reaches the ovule and inside the female gametophyte and fertilization can occur

8. Gymnosperm Pollination
Fertilization results in a zygote living within a seed.
the zygote develops into an embryo and can be protected by the seed for weeks to months to years.

9. Gymnosperm Pollination
The seed coat protects the inner embryo until environmental conditions allow growth (all seeds)
Often shaped to help with dispersal

10. Flowers are the sites of
Angiosperms
Flowers are the sites of
pollination and
fertilization.
Flowers house separate male and female sporangia and gametophytes.

12. Angiosperms Flowers usually consist of
sepals, which enclose the flower before it opens
petals, which attract animal pollinators
stamens, which include a filament and anther, a sac at the top of each filament that contains male sporangia and releases pollen
carpels, the female reproductive structure, which includes
the stigma,
the style, and
the ovary, a unique angiosperm adaptation that encloses the ovules.

13. What is necessary for the flowering and production of seeds happen?
Energy!
Leaves, roots, and stem all have an important role for getting energy

14. Plant Energy Plants are autotrophs, which sustain themselves
do not usually consume organic molecules derived from other organisms
make their own food through the process of photosynthesis, in which they use sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O to sugars and other organic molecules.

15. Plant Energy As a result of photosynthesis plants: feed us
clothe us (think cotton)
house us (think wood)
provide energy for warmth, light, transport, and manufacturing.

16. Leaves
A specialized organ with different tissues that is efficient at photosynthesis

17. Cells
Life’s fundamental unit of structure

18. Tissues
A group of similar cells that work together and carry out a specific function

19. Organs and organ systems
A body part within the organism containing two or more tissues

20. Leaves
A specialized organ with different tissues that is efficient at photosynthesis
Also functions in some storage and some reproduction

22. Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis in plants takes place in the chlorophyll, found in the chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the mesophyll, the green tissue in the interior of the leaf
Stomata are tiny pores in the leaf that allow
carbon dioxide to enter
oxygen to exit
Veins in the leaf deliver water absorbed by roots

23. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts consist of an envelope of two membranes, which encloses an inner compartment filled with a thick fluid called stroma that contains a system of interconnected membranous sacs called thylakoids

24. Chlorophyll is an important light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts
is responsible for the green color of plants
plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy
are built into the thylakoid membrane

25. Modified Leaves Leaves may be modified for
climbing, such as a tendril, with its tips coiled around a support structure
protection, such as a cactus spine.

26. Carbon dioxide entered the leave through the ______________________?
Where does the water come from?

27. Root System Function of the roots:
Absorb water and minerals from the soil
Support and anchor the plant
Storage and reproduction
Root hairs are tiny finger-like projections off of roots that enormously increase the surface area for absorption

28. Two root systems
Fibrous root system – many thin, branching roots staying close to the surface
Tap root system – a main root that grows down with smaller branches to the side
More common

29. Modified Roots
Unusually large taproots that store food in the form of carbohydrates such as starch are found in
carrots
turnips
sugar beets
sweet potatoes
Why would this benefit the plant?

30. Stem Functions are: Holds leaves up to get sunlight
Allows transport of materials between root and leaves
Reproduction and storage

31. Stem Vascular tissue is composed of xylem and phloem arranged in
a vascular cylinder in a root
vascular bundles in stems.

33. Stem Xylem – carries water and minerals from roots up to leaves
Large, hollow, and dead cells
Found closer to center of plant

34. Stem
Phloem
carries sugars/food from sugar source (leaves and photosynthesis) to parts of plant that need the sugar (sugar sink)
living cells
found closer to edge of plant