1. Ch. 1 Notes
Group 3 and 4

2. Crime Labs and Types of Evidence
How many public crime laboratories operate in the US?
350
What levels of Government have crime labs?
Federal, state, county, municipal
Why has the number of crime laboratories increased by more than three times since 1966?
Greater emphasis on evidence, introduction of DNA as evidence, increased drug use

3. Four Major Federal Crime Labs
1. FBI
Largest crime lab in the world
2. Drug Enforcement Administration
Analysis of seized drugs
3. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
Evidence dealing with alcohol, tobacco, firearms or explosives
4. US Postal Inspection Service
Crimes related to postal service

4. Additional Divisions of Federal Government
1. USCIS (United States Citizenship and Immigration Services)- crimes dealing with foreign affairs, legal and illegal immigration
2. IRS (Internal Revenue Service)- tax evasion and fraud
3. SS (Social Security)- identity fraud
4. NCIC (National Crime Information Center)- way to link crimes across the United States.

5. Crime labs have the following units for what purposes?
1. Physical Science
Analyze chemical composition of physical evidence.
2. Biology
Analyze biological evidence (blood, tissue, semen, saliva, etc).
3. Firearms
Analyze discharged bullets, weapons, gunpowder residue.
4. Document Analysis
Analyze handwriting (forged documents, ransom notes)
5. Crime Scene Investigation Unit
Investigates crime scenes and collects evidence.

6. Group 4- Important People
Archimedes: Determined a crown wasn’t made of gold, used water displacement methods. First to use any type of forensics.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: created Sherlock Holmes character, first to apply concepts of serology, fingerprinting, firearm identification, questioned document examination.
Mathieu Orfila: Father of Forensic Toxicology; detection of poison and effects on animals

7. Group 4- Important People
Francis Galton: studied and classified fingerprints. Showed uniqueness of fingerprints. First to organize them into a database.
Leone Lattes: First to use blood type as method for identification. Could determine blood type from a dried stain.
Calvin Goddard: First used a comparison microscope to determine if a bullet came from the questioned firearm

8. Group 4- Important People
Albert S. Osborn: Known for his work with principles of document examination.
Hans Gross: One of the first founders of criminalistics. Founded on the first crime labs.