1. Figure 6.1
Crowded street in China. Together, China and India have 36% of the world’s population and the resource use per person in these countries is projected to grow rapidly as they become more modernized (Case Study, p. 15).
Fig. 6-1, p. 122

2. Figure 6.A
Major ways in which humans have altered the rest of nature to meet our growing population’s resource needs and wants. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: Which three of these items do you believe have been the most harmful? Explain. How does your lifestyle contribute directly or indirectly to each of these three items?
Fig. 6-A, p. 124

3. NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION
Altering Nature to Meet Our Needs
Reduction of biodiversity
Increasing use of the earth's net primary productivity
Increasing genetic resistance of pest species and disease-causing bacteria
Elimination of many natural predators
Introduction of potentially harmful species into communities
Figure 6.A
Major ways in which humans have altered the rest of nature to meet our growing population’s resource needs and wants. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: Which three of these items do you believe have been the most harmful? Explain. How does your lifestyle contribute directly or indirectly to each of these three items?
Using some renewable resources faster than they can be replenished
Interfering with the earth's chemical cycling and energy flow processes
Relying mostly on polluting and climate-changing fossil fuels
Fig. 6-A, p. 124

4. Figure 6.2
Global connections: UN world population projections, assuming that by 2050 women will have an average of 2.5 children (high), 2.0 children (medium), or 1.5 children (low). The most likely projection is the medium one—9.3 billion by (Data from United Nations).
Fig. 6-2, p. 125

5. Population (billions)12 11
High10.8 10
Medium 9.3 9 8 7
Population (billions)
Low7.8 6 5
Figure 6.2
Global connections: UN world population projections, assuming that by 2050 women will have an average of 2.5 children (high), 2.0 children (medium), or 1.5 children (low). The most likely projection is the medium one—9.3 billion by (Data from United Nations). 4 3 2
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Year
Fig. 6-2, p. 125

6. Figure 6.3
Global connections: the world’s 10 most populous countries in 2008, with projections of their population sizes in (Data from World Bank and Population Reference Bureau)
Fig. 6-3, p. 126

7. China India USA Indonesia Pakistan Brazil Nigeria Bangladesh Russia
1.3 billion
1.5 billion
India
1.1 billion
1.4 billion
USA
304 million
357 million
Indonesia
240 million
292 million
Pakistan
173 million
229 million
Brazil
195 million
229 million
Nigeria
148 million
205 million
Figure 6.3
Global connections: the world’s 10 most populous countries in 2008, with projections of their population sizes in (Data from World Bank and Population Reference Bureau)
147 million
Bangladesh
180 million
Russia
142 million
129 million
2008
2025
Japan
128 million
119 million
Fig. 6-3, p. 126

8. Figure 6.4
Total fertility rates for the United States between 1917 and Question: The U.S. fertility rate has declined and remained at or below replacement levels since 1972, so why is the population of the United States still increasing? (Data from Population Reference Bureau and U.S. Census Bureau)
Fig. 6-4, p. 127

9. Baby boom (1946–64) Replacement level
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.1
Births per woman
2.0
Baby boom
(1946–64)
Replacement level
1.5
1.0
Figure 6.4
Total fertility rates for the United States between 1917 and Question: The U.S. fertility rate has declined and remained at or below replacement levels since 1972, so why is the population of the United States still increasing? (Data from Population Reference Bureau and U.S. Census Bureau)
0.5
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Fig. 6-4, p. 127

10. Figure 6.5
Birth rates in the United States, 1910–2008. Use this figure to trace changes in crude birth rates during your lifetime. (Data from U.S. Bureau of Census and U.S. Commerce Department)
Fig. 6-5, p. 127

11. Demographic transition32 30 28 26 24 22
Births per thousand population 20 18 16
End of World War II
Demographic transition 14
Depression
Baby boom
Baby bust
Echo baby boom
Figure 6.5
Birth rates in the United States, 1910–2008. Use this figure to trace changes in crude birth rates during your lifetime. (Data from U.S. Bureau of Census and U.S. Commerce Department)
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Fig. 6-5, p. 127

12. Figure 6.6
Some major changes that took place in the United States between 1900 and Question: Which two of these changes do you think were the most important? (Data from U.S. Census Bureau and Department of Commerce)
Fig. 6-6, p. 128

13. Married women working outside the home 8% 81%
47 years
Life expectancy
77 years
Married women working outside the home 8%
81%
15%
High school graduates
83%
10%
Homes with flush toilets
98% 2%
Homes with electricity
99%
Living in suburbs
10%
Figure 6.6
Some major changes that took place in the United States between 1900 and Question: Which two of these changes do you think were the most important? (Data from U.S. Census Bureau and Department of Commerce)
52%
1900
Hourly manufacturing job wage (adjusted for inflation) $3
2000
$15
Homicides per 100,000 people
1.2
5.8
Fig. 6-6, p. 128

14. Married women working outside the home 8% 81%
77 years
Life expectancy
47 years
1900
2000
Married women working outside the home 8%
81%
High school graduates
15%
83%
Homes with flush toilets
10%
98%
Homes with electricity 2%
99%
Living in suburbs
10%
52%
Figure 6.6
Some major changes that took place in the United States between 1900 and Question: Which two of these changes do you think were the most important? (Data from U.S. Census Bureau and Department of Commerce)
Hourly manufacturing job wage (adjusted for inflation) $3
$15
Homicides per 100,000 people
1.2
5.8
Stepped Art
Fig. 6-6, p. 128

15. Figure 6.7
Legal immigration to the United States, 1820–2003 (the last year for which data are available). The large increase in immigration since 1989 resulted mostly from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which granted legal status to illegal immigrants who could show they had been living in the country for several years. (Data from U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Pew Hispanic Center)
Fig. 6-7, p. 129

16. New laws restrict immigration 1,200
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1907
1914
New laws restrict immigration
1,200
Number of legal immigrants (thousands)
1,000
800
Great Depression
600
Figure 6.7
Legal immigration to the United States, 1820–2003 (the last year for which data are available). The large increase in immigration since 1989 resulted mostly from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which granted legal status to illegal immigrants who could show they had been living in the country for several years. (Data from U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Pew Hispanic Center)
400
200
1820
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2010
Year
Fig. 6-7, p. 129

17. Figure 6.8
Generalized population age structure diagrams for countries with rapid (1.5–3%), slow (0.3–1.4%), zero (0–0.2%), and negative (declining) population growth rates. A population with a large proportion of its people in the prereproductive age group (far left) has a large potential for rapid population growth. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Which of these figures best represents the country where you live? (Data from Population Reference Bureau)
Fig. 6-8, p. 131

18. Expanding Rapidly Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Expanding Rapidly Guatemala
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Expanding Slowly United States Australia
China
Stable
Japan
Italy
Greece
Declining
Germany
Bulgaria
Russia
Figure 6.8
Generalized population age structure diagrams for countries with rapid (1.5–3%), slow (0.3–1.4%), zero (0–0.2%), and negative (declining) population growth rates. A population with a large proportion of its people in the prereproductive age group (far left) has a large potential for rapid population growth. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Which of these figures best represents the country where you live? (Data from Population Reference Bureau)
Prereproductive ages
0–14
Reproductive ages
15–44
Postreproductive ages
45–85+
Fig. 6-8, p. 131

19. Figure 6.9
Global outlook: population structure by age and sex in developing countries and developed countries, Question: If all girls under 15 had only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau)
Fig. 6-9, p. 131

20. Figure 6.9
Global outlook: population structure by age and sex in developing countries and developed countries, Question: If all girls under 15 had only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau)
Fig. 6-9a, p. 131

21. Population (millions)
Developed Countries
85+
80–85
75–79
Male
70–74
Female
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
Age
35–39
30–34
25–29
Figure 6.9
Global outlook: population structure by age and sex in developing countries and developed countries, Question: If all girls under 15 had only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau)
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
300
200
100
100
200
300
Population (millions)
Fig. 6-9a, p. 131

22. Figure 6.9
Global outlook: population structure by age and sex in developing countries and developed countries, Question: If all girls under 15 had only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau)
Fig. 6-9b, p. 131

23. Population (millions)
Developing Countries
85+
80–85
75–79
Male
Female
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
Age
35–39
30–34
25–29
Figure 6.9
Global outlook: population structure by age and sex in developing countries and developed countries, Question: If all girls under 15 had only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau)
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
300
200
100
100
200
300
Population (millions)
Fig. 6-9b, p. 131

24. Figure 6.10
Tracking the baby-boom generation in the United States. U.S. population by age and sex, 1955, 1985, 2015, and 2035 (projected). See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. (Data from U.S. Census Bureau)
Fig. 6-10, p. 132

25. Figure 6.11
Some problems with rapid population decline. Question: Which three of these problems do you think are the most important?
Fig. 6-11, p. 133

26. Some Problems with Rapid Population Decline
Can threaten economic growth
Labor shortages
Less government revenues with fewer workers
Less entrepreneurship and new business formation
Less likelihood for new technology development
Figure 6.11
Some problems with rapid population decline. Question: Which three of these problems do you think are the most important?
Increasing public deficits to fund higher pension and health-care costs
Pensions may be cut and retirement age increased
Fig. 6-11, p. 133

27. Figure 6.12
Four stages of the demographic transition, which the population of a country can experience when it becomes industrialized. There is uncertainty about whether this model will apply to some of today’s developing countries. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: At what stage is the country where you live?
Fig. 6-12, p. 134

28. Birth rate and death rate
Population
grows very
slowly because
of a high
birth rate
(to compensate
for high infant
mortality) and a
high death rate
Stage 1
Preindustrial
Growth rate over time 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
(number per 1,000 per year)
Birth rate and death rate
Low
Death rate
Total population
Birth rate
Population grows rapidly because birth rates are high and death rates drop because of improved food production and health
Decreasing
Stage 2
Transitional
Increasing
Very high
Population growth slows as both birth
and death rates drop because of improved food production, health, and education
Stage 3
Industrial
Low
Population growth levels off and then declines as birth rates equal and then fall below death rates
Stage 4
Postindustrial
Negative
Zero
Figure 6.12
Four stages of the demographic transition, which the population of a country can experience when it becomes industrialized. There is uncertainty about whether this model will apply to some of today’s developing countries. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: At what stage is the country where you live?
Stepped Art
Fig. 6-12, p. 134

29. Figure 6.13
Women from a village in the West African country of Burkina Faso returning with fuelwood. Typically they spend 2 hours a day two or three times a week searching for and hauling fuelwood.
Fig. 6-13, p. 135