1. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM-
BLOOD

2. Class Starter
In your logbook, draw a mind map connecting all the vocabulary words you can think of that relate to the circulatory system. Now, read pages : Blood constituents

3. Some blood facts
The human body contains approximately 5 to 6L (men) and 4 to 5L (women) of blood
Non- characteristic properties of blood:
- viscous (thick) odourless
- red salty

4. Blood Constituents
Blood is a homogeneous mixture composed of formed elements (blood cells) and liquid plasma :
Red blood cells (RBCs)
White blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
Plasma (fluid)

7. Functions of the components of blood
1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Small, round cells that lack a nucleus
Produced by red bone marrow (inside some, but not all bones)
Have a life span of 120 days
- Your body produces 2.4 million each second
Contain red pigment called hemoglobin
a protein that enables the RBC to transport O2 and CO2 around the body

8. Functions of the components of blood
2. White blood cells (WBCs)
transparent
have a nucleus
are larger than RBCs
Provide immunity and defense against disease
they phagocytize (engulf and destroy) dead or damaged cells, old RBCs and bacteria
they produce antibodies (a defense against bacteria)
Immunity
When a germ enters your body, it sets off a chain reaction that will prevent it from
feeling too welcome. The first step is that one type of WBC recognizes that it is not
supposed to be there. It sounds the alarm. Other WBCs are responsible for marking it
with a special protein called an antibody .
Once it has been flagged, the biggest white blood cells come in and literally eat the
germ. This process is called phagocytosis .
Occasionally, something goes wrong in our bodies and parts of our body are labelled
as "foreign." The immune system attacks that part of the body and can destroy it.
When this happens, the person is said to have an autoimmune disease. Some kinds
of Arthritis and possibly Lupus are examples of this disease.
In order to decrease the time it takes for the big white blood cells to move in and
destroy invaders, often you will be given injections called vaccines .
These force your immune system to produce antibodies against germs before they
enter your body. They are usually made of special inactive versions of the same
germs that would make you sick.

9. WBC phagocytosis:

10. WBC
RBC

11. Blood Cell production
Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow
Bone marrow is a jellylike substance inside the bones that is composed of stem cells.
As the blood cells develop from the stem cells in the marrow, they pass into the blood that passes through the bones
Red marrow: Bone marrow that actively produces blood cells
Yellow marrow. Bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells.

12. Functions of the components of blood
3. Platelets:
Solid fragments stemming from large cells in the bone marrow
Play an important role in blood coagulation
the clotting of blood and blood products
Their role is to stop bleeding internally or externally

13. “What is hemophilia?”
An inherited disorder where there is an absence of platelets or the platelets do not clot properly. Individuals affected with this disorder bleed continuously when injured. They require clotting factor and often blood transfusions when hit or cut.

14. Functions of the components of blood
Plasma:
Yellowish liquid composed of:
Water (90%)
Dissolved nutrients (glucose, amino acids, salts), antibodies, hormones, and waste products
makes up approximately 55% of whole blood.
plasma
RBC, WBC, platelets

15. 4 Main functions of plasma:
carries nutrients to the cells
(These have been broken down in the digestive system and absorbed into the blood in the small intestine)
2. transports oxygen
(which enters the blood by diffusion from the alveoli into the capillaries)
3. Transports waste products from cellular activity to the excretory organs
4. Transports hormones, antibodies and various other substances

16. For homework (to be completed in your logbook)
- Make a study chart summarizing the components of blood and their functions.
- Make sure to write short descriptions in your own words!!
Blood Component
Function(s)
red blood cell
white blood cell
platelets
plasma

17. Blood Types and Blood Transfusions
Class Starter:
What are the different blood types that exist?
What determines what type of blood you have?
Why can you die if you were to receive an incompatible blood type?

18. What determines the different blood groups?
Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs
A, B, Rh (Rhesus factor) = antigens (specific proteins) attached to RBCs
The different blood types are not spread out equally in the population
3E stopped here on Nov. 30th

19. Blood Types
The presence or absence of a third antigen (Rh) determines if the blood type is positive or negative
Rh present = positive (+)
Rh not present = negative (-)
This gives us 8 blood types:
A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, O+

20. Blood Types
Blood Group
Antigen A+ A- B+ B-
AB+
AB- O+ O-

21. Blood Types Blood Group Antigen A+ A, Rh A- A B+ B, Rh B- B AB+
A,B, Rh
AB-
A, B O+ Rh O-
none

22. Blood Transfusions
People who have blood diseases and others who require extensive surgery must receive blood transfusions
A blood transfusion is the injection of blood into a person
This requires:
a donor, the person who gives the blood
a recipient, the person who receives the blood

23. Fact:
In the 19th century, many blood transfusions resulted in the recipients dying.
Why?
We know understand that there are specific antibodies which circulate in a person’s blood
If a recipient’s antibodies match the donor’s antigens, the antibodies in the recipient’s blood will attack the donor’s antigens resulting in blood coagulation and possible death

25. Antibodies (in plasma)
Blood Types
Blood
Group
Antigens (surface)
Antibodies (in plasma) A+
A, Rh A- A B+
B, Rh B- B,
AB+
A, B, Rh
AB -
A, B O+ Rh
O -
None
The antigens on your RBCs will determine the antibodies that circulate in your blood
The antibodies in your blood are the opposite of the antigens on your RBCs

26. Antibodies (in plasma)
Blood Types
Blood
Group
Antigens (surface)
Antibodies (in plasma) A+
A, Rh B A- A Rh B+
B, Rh B- B,
AB+
A, B, Rh
None
AB -
A, B O+
O -
The antigens on your RBCs will determine the antibodies that circulate in your blood
The antibodies in your blood are the opposite of the antigens on your RBCs

27. Draw a picture to represent the antigens and antibodies present in each blood group
AB+
AB - O+
O -

28. Blood Compatibility rules
Main rule:
The donor’s blood cannot contain any antibodies that match the antigens on the recipients red blood cells
Tricks
Similar blood types can always give blood to eachother
+ blood types CANNOT give blood to – blood types
– blood types CAN give blood to + blood types
Universal donors: can give blood to anyone = type O- (because it has no antigens)
Universal recipients: can receive blood from anyone = type AB+ (because it has no antibodies)

29. Blood Types Blood Type Can donate to: Can receive from: A- A+ B- B+

30. A
O AB B

31. How to determine what blood type a person is?
A person’s blood group is determined by mixing a drop of his or her blood with 3 different commercial serums (solutions with dissolved antibodies)
Anti- A serum
Anti-B serum
Anti-Rh serum
If agglutination (coagulation) takes place (small dots appear)it means that the RBCs have antigens matching that specific serum.
By determining which antigens are on the surface of the RBCs we can deduce what the blood type is
Blood type can be determined by analyzing sperm, saliva, or perspiration.

32. How to determine what blood type a person is?
Blood sample X + anti-A serum = agglutination
Blood sample X + anti-B serum = no agglutination
Blood sample X + anti – Rh serum = no agglutination
Sample X is blood type: A-

33. Determining blood groups

34. Blood Typing Activity Bottle 1 = Mr. Smith Bottle 2 = Mr. Green
Bottle 3= Ms. Brown
Bottle 4= Mr. Jones

35. Blood types
Blood typing game
Quiz
Lab activity

36. CREATING VACCINES web PBS nova:
BIO TERROR home page:
Creating a vaccine GAME: