1. An Introduction To Ecology

2. Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and environment.
Consists of abiotic (nonliving; i.e. temperature, light, etc) and biotic (living) factors.

4. Population – group of individuals of same species living in an area.
Community – all organisms of all species that live in an area.
Ecosystem – above plus abiotic factors.
Biosphere – sum of all ecosystems.

5. http://people. hofstra. edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/img/biosphere

6. Distribution affected by temperature, water, sunlight, wind, and rocks and soil.
Type of each will determine what can live there.

8. Temperature and water are biggest factors.
Biomes – major types of ecosystems.
Determined by proximity to equator, closeness to ocean, mountains, etc.

10. Aquatic biomes 2 types – marine and freshwater.
Stratified vertically – photic zone (light) and aphotic zone (little light).
Bottom of aquatic is benthos – food is detritus that falls from above.

12. Freshwater – close to shore – littoral zone.
Open water – limnetic zone.
ALakes classified by nutrients – 1 - eutrophic – shallow and nutrient-rich; 2oligotrophic – deeper and nutrient-poor.

13. Oligotrophic lake

14. Eutrophic lake

15. * BWetlands – area covered with water; supports plants.
CEstuaries – area where freshwater meets ocean.
Intertidal zone – land meets water.
DCoral reefs – dominated by coral.

16. Wetlands

17. Estuary

18. Coral Reef

19. EOceanic pelagic biome – away from shore.
Abyssal zone – lowest part of benthos; deep-sea hydrothermal vents help chemoautotrophic organisms.

20. Abyssal zone

21. Terrestrial biomes
Defined vertically from the canopy at top to the permafrost at the bottom.
ATropical forest – little light reaches ground because of deep canopy.
Rainfall determines life in area.

22. Tropical Forest In Madagascar

23. BSavanna – scattered trees and grasses.
Fire helps increase diversity.
Has rainy season.
CTemperate grassland – seasonal drought, fires prevent tree growth.
Most used for farming.

24. Savanna

25. Grasslands

26. DDeserts – sparse rain, some are cold.
Plants have structures to allow survival (i.e. water storage, alternative forms of photosynthesis)
EChaparral – evergreen shrub; long, hot, dry summers with fires.

27. Desert

28. Chaparral

29. FTemperate deciduous forest – small mammals, leaves fall during autumn.
GConiferous forest – cone-bearing trees, trees have needles.
HTundra – permafrost covers ground, low diversity.

30. Deciduous forest

31. Coniferous forest

32. Tundra