1. The Industrial Revolution
How Jeans are made vid: 6:00-8:20
Weaving cloth by hand segment in indust. rev. playlist
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
(with some additions by Mr. Laarman)

2. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

3. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrial England:
"Workshop
of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

5. Land, Labor, Capital Land Labor Capital
Britain had coal to burn as fuel, iron to make steel, cotton for textiles, and water for transportation and to power factories
Labor
Growing population
People displaced by enclosure movement
Capital
Money for investment in business

6. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

7. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

8. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible.
“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

9. Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Are the industrial areas located near land or labor?

10. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

11. Young Coal Miners

12. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

13. British Pig Iron Production

14. Labor: The Enclosure Movement
Lands that been shared can be bought by rich landowners
Created large farms
Results:
Increased efficiency
Increased food supply
Leads to population growth
Displaces poor farmers
Labor market for industry

15. The Enclosure Movement

16. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

17. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in

18. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

19. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

20. Textile Factory Workers in England

21. British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

22. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

23. Review
Describe the enclosure system and how it led to industrialization. (2 pts.)
Britain had great amounts of _________, which could be mined and burned to fuel factories.
What was it like to work in a factory? (2 pts.)
The British used cotton from America as the raw material in its booming ____________ industry.
What do you think were the three biggest factors that led to England becoming the first nation to industrialize? Explain your answer. (4 pts.)

24. Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution

25. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
Picture a link to vid

26. The Power Loom
Clip in industrial revolution playlist

27. Jacquard’s Loom
Punch card diagram link to vid

28. James Watt’s Steam Engine
Clip in industrial revolution playlist

29. Steam Tractor

30. Steam Ship

31. An Early Steam Locomotive

32. Later Locomotives

33. The Impact of the Railroad

34. “The Great Land Serpent”

35. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

36. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

37. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

38. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

39. Industrial Revolution
The "Haves":
Bourgeois Life
Thrived on the
Luxuries of the
Industrial Revolution

40. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

41. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

42. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

43. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

44. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

45. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.
6 or 7 hundred per year in modern dollars

46. Industrial Staffordshire

47. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman

48. The New Industrial City

49. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

50. Worker Housing in Manchester

51. Factory Workers at Home

52. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today
Discuss: improvement over pre-industrial times? Good article at

53. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

54. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

55. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

56. Protests / Reformers

57. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

58. The Luddite Triangle

59. The Luddites

60. The Neo-Luddites Today

61. Peterloo Massacre, 1819
British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!

62. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

63. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism
       
Chartist settlements
        
Centres of Chartism
     
Area of plug riots, 1842

64. The Chartists A female Chartist
A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.

65. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment.
Lower the price of bread.
Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.
Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.
Promote international peace through trade contact.

66. New Ways of
Thinking

67. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

68. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

69. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

70. Jeremy Bentham

71. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

72. Br. Govt. Response
to the Dislocation
Created by
Industrialization

73. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look into working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

74. British Reform Bill of 1832

75. British Reform Bills

76. The Results of
Industrialization
at the end of the 19c

77. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

78. Industrialization By 1850

79. Railroads on the Continent

80. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

81. The Politics of Industrialization
State ownership of some industries.
RRs  Belgium & most of Germany.
Tariffs  British Corn Laws.
National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes.
Bank of England.
Bank of France.
Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
New legislation to:
Establish limited liability.
Create rules for the formation of corporations.
Postal system.
Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein

82. Bangladesh
The Gap, JC Penny

88. Bibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College.
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”
“The We”