1. Monohybrid cross - shows inheritance of one trait from two parents
Dihybrid cross - shows inheritance of two traits from two parents; more complex
Linkage - association of different genes that are located on the same chromosome

2. Crossing over - breakage and exchange of corresponding segments of chromosome pairs at 1 or more sites along their length
Autosomes - nonsex chromosomes, designated by numbers
Phenotype - observable traits - either a specific trait or collection of traits that characterize an entire organism, based on genotype

3. Genotype - genetic plan - all the genetic information in an organism
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid - stores genetic information
Chromosomes - DNA molecules organized around structural proteins; contains enough information for many phenotypic traits

4. Gene - particular piece of genetic information on a chromosome
Allele - different versions of the same gene (ex: blood types)
Dominant trait - trait that presents itself whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous

5. Recessive trait - trait that presents itself only in homozygous individuals
Homozygous - two identical alleles of a gene
Heterozygous - two different alleles of a gene
Independent assortment - independent inheritance of the alleles for a trait; movement of one chromosome does not depend on movement of another

6. Diploid - 2 sets of chromosomes (occurring in matching pairs); in all cells other than gametes
Haploid - only one set of chromosomes; gametes
Meiosis - cell division that produces gametes in sexually reproducing organisms

7. Principle of Segregation - during meiosis, chromosome pairs separate so that each of the two alleles for any given trait appears in a different gamete
Mutation - physical change to a gene
Recombination - creates new combinations of alleles during meiosis

8. Nondisjunction - error in chromosome movement
Incomplete dominance - gene expression in which the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is intermediate between those of the parents (ex: parents are red and white flowers, offspring is a pink flower)