1. AP Macroeconomics Chapter 29 & 30 Notes
Money, Banking, & the Fed
AP Macroeconomics
Chapter 29 & 30 Notes

3. Money
Definition: anything that can be used as a medium of exchange, measure of value, and a store of value

4. Why not BARTER? barter = trade barter economy – an economy based
on trade
Not most efficient
system because it
requires a “mutual coincidence of wants”
(each person must have exactly what the other wants—also called “double coincidence of wants”)

5. Three Types of Money
1) Commodity money – money that has an alternative use as an economic good
2) Representative money – money that is backed by a commodity
3) Fiat money – money that has value because of government decree
What phrase is printed on the top left corner of U.S. currency?

6. “This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private”
Three Types of Money
“This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private”
legal tender – fiat money that must be accepted as payment for purchases/debts

7. Characteristics of Money
Portable
Durable
Divisible
Stable
Scarce
(limited in supply)
Accepted

8. Three Functions of Money
Medium of exchange – something accepted by all parties as payment for goods and services

9. Three Functions of Money
Measure of value – common measuring stick to express the worth or value of a good

10. Three Functions of Money
Store of value – quality that allows purchasing power to be saved until needed

11. Money
U.S. currency is printed by the U.S. Dept. of the Treasury’s Bureau of Printing and Engraving.
U.S. coins are created by the U.S. Mint.
This money is distributed to banks by the Federal Reserve Bank (also known as “the Fed”).
Our currency is known as “Federal Reserve Notes.”
There are currently about $829 billion in circulation. (most outside the U.S.)

12. Money Terms
Demand deposit accounts (DDAs) – funds deposited in a bank that can be accessed by writing a check and without having to secure prior approval from the bank (Ex.: checking accts)

13. Categories of Money
M1 – coins, currency, checks, checking accounts / DDAs [relates to money’s function as a medium of exchange]

14. Types of Money
M2 – M1 + savings accounts, money market accounts, CDs (time deposits)
[relates to money’s
function as a store of
value]

15. Types of Money
M3 – M2 + Institutional money market & long-term savings accounts (large time deposits) [relates to money’s
function as a store of value & unit of accounting]

16. (M)(V)=(P)(Q) Equation of Exchange M=money supply (M1)
V=velocity (# of times the avg. $ changes hands in a year)
P=price levels (current)
Q (or Y)=real GDP/output
[PQ=nominal GDP]

17. (M)(V)=(P)(Q) Equation of Exchange
What will happen if the money supply increases, but velocity remains constant?
What will happen if velocity increases, but M remains constant?

18. The Federal Reserve Bank
ECONOMICS
Chapter 14

19. The Federal Reserve (the Fed)
The privately-owned (owned by the people—stockholders of private banks), publicly-controlled (the President selects the Fed Chairman and appoints the Board of Governors) central bank of the United States

20. The Federal Reserve (the Fed)
Has the power to lend to banks to prevent bank runs

21. FDIC
In 1933, the U.S. government created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insures bank deposits up to $250,000 per customer per bank.

22. Fractional Reserve System
Why couldn’t George give his customers their money? Where was it?

23. Fractional Reserve System
Banks make money when they make loans to their customers and charge them interest.
Banks are only required to keep a portion of all deposits.
The Fed decides what percentage of all deposits banks must hold (reserve requirement / reserve rate). [Current=10%]
Banks can take the remaining money and lend it to customers.

24. Structure of the Fed Directed by a 7-member Board of Governors
Each app’ted by President to 14-yr. term
Country is divided into 12 districts, each served by a district bank
New York -Chicago
Boston -Cleveland
Richmond -Atlanta
Dallas -St. Louis
Kansas City -Philadelphia
Minneapolis -San Francisco

25. Structure of the Fed Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)
12 members – 7 governors, pres of NY Fed, and 4 other Fed district presidents
Evaluates state of economy and determines interest rates

26. Fed Chairman
The head of the Federal Reserve is known as the Chairman. The current Chairman of the Fed is Ben Bernanke.

27. Fed Responsibilities
Main responsibility: controlling the rate of growth of the money supply
Acting as the government’s bank
Maintaining the payments system [Ex.: you swipe debit Zaxby’s, Fed makes sure your $ gets from your bank to Zaxby’s bank]
Regulating & supervising banks
Preparing consumer legislation [Ex.: making sure that businesses treat consumers fairly and disclose all information in credit transactions]

29. AP Macroeconomics Chapter 29 & 30 Notes
MONETARY POLICY
AP Macroeconomics
Chapter 29 & 30 Notes

30. Macroeconomics macroeconomics—analysis of the overall national economy
We can measure the health of the national economy by assessing THREE factors:
GDP
Unemployment
Inflation

31. A HEALTHY Economy The economy is considered healthy if:
There is a sustained increase in real GDP (economic growth)
Unemployment is low
Prices are stable (or there is minimal inflation)
[On business cycle = Expansion/Recovery]

32. An UNHEALTHY Economy The economy is considered unhealthy if:
There is a sustained decrease in real GDP
Unemployment is high
Excessive inflation (or deflation) exists
[On business cycle = Contraction/Recession]

33. Ensuring Economic Stability
*In order to make sure our economy is stable (economic stability – reduction of extreme ups & downs in the business cycle & standard of living), the federal government steps in with…
Macroeconomic stabilization policies – attempts by the federal government to keep the economy healthy and to make the future more predictable

34. Economic Stabilization Policies
**The two types of stabilization policies are fiscal & monetary policy. Monetary policy attempts to either INCREASE or DECREASE
the money supply.

35. Economic Stabilization Policies
**Policy can be expansionary or contractionary.
Expansionary increases the money supply, which spurs economic growth, because it increases demand. (loose $)
Contractionary decreases the money supply, which can curb inflation and slow down spending and can slow down economic growth. (tight $)

36. Economic Stabilization Policies
monetary policy – changing the rate of growth of the supply of money in circulation (specifically, to curb inflation or deflation)
*Implemented
by the FED

37. Three Tools of Monetary Policy
open market operations – when the Fed buys and sells securities (government bonds) on the open market
contractionary:
selling securities / bonds
expansionary:
buying securities / bonds

38. Three Tools of Monetary Policy
reserve rate – the amount of deposits the bank must keep “on reserve”
(i.e., stored in their vault or deposited in their local Federal Reserve branch bank)
contractionary: raising the reserve rate
expansionary: lowering the reserve rate

39. Three Tools of Monetary Policy
discount rate – the interest rate on loans made by the Federal Reserve to banks
contractionary: raising the discount rate
expansionary: lowering the discount rate

40. Effects of Monetary Policy
Federal funds rate – interest rate banks charge each other
**The Fed “targets” this interest rate to** change the amount of $ in the money supply!

41. Effects of Monetary Policy
prime rate – interest rate banks charge their best customers
(affected by the discount & fed funds rate)