1. Section 2.3
Page 37-41
Carbon Compounds

2. Vocabulary Words
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic acid
Protein
Amino acid

3. Organic compounds
Are compounds containing carbon atoms that are bonded to other elements

4. Organic compounds
4 principle classes found in living things (cells do not function without them)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

5. CARBOHYDRATES
Organic compounds made of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1
Are a key source of energy
Are found in fruits and grains

6. Can be made of simple sugars
Monosaccharides
Ex: glucose & fructose
Glucose is a major source of energy in cells

7. Disaccharides
Composed of two monosaccharides
Ex: sucrose (aka table sugar)
Made of glucose & fructose

8. Polysaccharides
Composed of three or more monosaccharides
Ex: starch (made of multiple glucose units)

9. Are examples of macromolecules
Large molecules made of many smaller molecules

10. Some function as energy storehouses for living organisms
Starch – made by plants from glucose molecules
Glycogen – made by animals from glucose molecules

11. Cellulose is a polysaccharide that gives support to plants, but is not digestible by humans

12. LIPIDS Non-polar molecules that are not soluble in water
Ex: fats, steroids, waxes, phospholipids, pigments (like chlorophyll)

13. Are important to the structure and function of our cell membranes
Phospholipids make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes

14. Steroids include cholesterol which is found in all animal cell membranes

15. Fats – lipids that store energy
This is because bonds between carbon and hydrogen are full of energy so fats store large amounts of energy

16. A typical fat contains three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
A fatty acid is a chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms bonded to them

17. Saturated fatty acids are chains of carbons bonded to two hydrogen atoms

18. Straight molecules that are usually solid at room temperature
Ex: butter, lard, grease from meats

19. Unsaturated fatty acid
Carbon-hydrogen chains with double bonds between some carbon atoms
Produce kinks in the chain

20. Ex: plant oils, fish oils
Usually liquid at room temperature

21. PROTEINS
Proteins
Chain of molecules called amino acids that are linked together
Type of protein is determined by the number, type and arrangement of amino acids present

22. Amino acids –
Building blocks of proteins
20 different amino acids in proteins
Each one has a unique structure

23. Enzymes
Proteins that cause chemical reactions
Are catalysts (chemicals that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy)

24. Examples…
Collagen – most abundant protein in body (found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones)
Antibodies – help fight against infection

25. Examples…
Hemoglobin – found in blood, carries oxygen from lungs to body tissues

26. NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic Acids Are found in all cells
Two types – DNA & RNA
Are long chains of smaller molecules called nucleotides
A, T, C, G in DNA
A, U, C, G in RNA

27. Nucleotides have 3 parts:
Sugar, base, & phosphate group

28. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
2 strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other
Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases (across the molecule)

29. Form chromosomes that give hereditary information to make proteins

30. RNA – ribonucleic acid
Single strand of nucleotides
Used for cell function and making of proteins

31. ATP – adenosine triphosphate
Single nucleotide with 2 phosphate groups that store energy
Main energy for cells – need ATP to function

32. Nucleic Acids
When food is broken down in cells, some energy is stored as ATP and some is used by the cell

33. NOW… What are the 4 principle classes found in living things? 1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____