1. 2-3 Carbon Compounds Objectives:
1) Describe the functions of each group of organic compounds.

2. Introduction
Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

3. The Chemistry of Carbon
Has 4 valence electrons
Each electron can join with an electron from another atom to form a strong covalent bond
Can bond with many elements

4. The Chemistry of Carbon Cont’d
A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms
Form chains that are almost unlimited in length
Single, double, triple covalent bonds
Carbon has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures
No other element can do this

5. Macromolecules
Macromolecules: “giant molecules”, a large molecule made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands smaller molecules
Made from polymerization
Monomers are put together to make polymers

6. Macromolecules Cont’d
4 groups of organic compounds (a.k.a. biomolecules) found in living things
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

7. Quick Question
What is polymerization?

8. Quick Answer
The process in which monomers are joined together to form larger molecules called polymers

9. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates: compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
Plants and animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

10. Carbohydrates Cont’d
The breakdown of sugar (glucose) gives immediate energy for all cell activities
Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates
Starches

11. Carbohydrates Cont’d Monosaccarides: single sugar molecules Glucose
Galactose (milk)
Fructose (fruit)

12. Carbohydrates Cont’d
Polysaccharides: the large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
Glycogen: (animal starch) animals way of storing extra sugar
When animal’s blood sugar (glucose) runs low, glycogen is released from the liver

13. Carbohydrates Cont’d Plants Use plant starch to store extra sugar
Make cellulose
Cellulose: tough, flexible cellulose fibers give plants much of their strength and rigidity

14. Lipids Lipids: not soluble in water, Can be used to store energy.
Fats, oils, waxes
Steroids (chemical messengers)
Can be used to store energy.
Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

15. Lipids Cont’d
Many lipids are created when a glycerol molecule (extra sugar) combines with fatty acids
Saturated: animal fat (bad)
Fried foods, fatty meat
Leads to heart disease, heart attacks, strokes

16. Did you know?
African-Americans have the highest rate of heart disease (24.5%)
Diabetes, poor diet, overweight, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use puts you more at risk
Causes 1 in 4 male deaths
About 64% of women that die from heart disease have no symptoms

17. Lipids Cont’d Unsaturated: plant fat (good)
Our bodies need it but can’t make it
Liquid at room temperature
Olive oil, corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil, peanut oil

18. Did you know?

19. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids: macromolecules, polymers made from individual monomers (nucleotides)

20. Nucleic Acids Cont’d
Nucleotides: monomers (thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil) that make nucleic acids through covalent bonds

21. Nucleic Acids Cont’d
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information
RNA
DNA

22. Working DNA
Crystal Baker

23. Proteins Proteins: Macromolecules Polymers of molecules
Amino Acids
20+ different amino acids
All identical where covalent bonds join
Allows any amino acid to be joined to another amino acid
Among the most diverse macromolecule

24. Proteins Cont’d Each protein has a specific job
Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes
Form bones and muscles
Transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease

25. Proteins Cont’d Up to 4 levels of organization
Sequence of amino acids in a protein chain
Amino acids w/I a chain can be twisted or folded
The chain itself is folded
I more than one chain, each chain has a specific arrangement in space

26. Exit Ticket Answer the following question. Use complete sentences.
You may NOT use your book. You MAY use your notes.
This is a quiz grade
Describe the functions of each group of organic compounds.