1. ANCIENT SPAIN GREEKS CELTS IBERIANS PHOENICIANS TARTESSOS
CARTHAGINIANS
CELTS
IBERIANS
TARTESSOS

2. Ancient Spain
Pre-Roman Hispania

3. PRE-ROMAN SPAIN: THE CELTS AND THE IBERIANS
Two cultural groups inhabited the Iberian Peninsula during the second half of the first millennium BC: the Celts and the Iberians
They are referred to as Pre-Roman peoples because they were living in the Iberian Peninsula at the time of the Roman conquest.

4. PRE-ROMAN PEOPLES: THE CELTS AND THE IBERIANS
Were indigenous people
Settled in the east and south of the Iberian Peninsula
The most notable Iberian peoples were the Bastetani, the Edetani, the Turdetani and the Oretani
IBERIAN WARRIOR
They would later intermingle with Celtic invaders

5. PRE-ROMAN SPAIN: THE CELTS AND THE IBERIANS
CELTIC WARRIOR
Came from Central Europe
Settled in northern, central and western regions of the Iberian Peninsula, but also in several southern regions.
Some of the Celtic peoples were the Arevaci, Vaccaei, Vettones, Asturs and Gallaeci

6. THE CELTS AND THE IBERIANS
LOCATION
walled settlements in the soulth and east of the Iberian Peninsula.
fortified settlements (castros) in the north, centre and west of the Iberian Peninlsula on high ground.
SOCIETY
Tribes ruled by a king.
tribes formed by clans, and each clan made up of several families.
POWER
King, noblemen, priests and warriors.
minority:
Druids: priests, doctors
ECONOMY
Agriculture: celreal, olive, grapevine
Livestock
Mining (gold, silver, copper, iron)
Handicrafts (forging, pottery, fabrics)
Metalworking
Active trade with Greeks and Cathaginians
Self-sufficent
Livestock farming
Hunting (deer and wild boar)
Agriculture (cereal)
Manufacture of iron and bronze (jewellery and weapons)
Pottery and wool fabrics
Little active trade
BELIEFS
Female divinities in sanctuaries.
Cremated dead people.
Kept their dead’s ashes in urns.
Stars and elements of nature.
Cremated corpses.
KNOWLEDGE
could write
Made coins
ART: funerary buildings, sculptures
Could not write
Did not know how to make coins
ART: jewels and bull sculptures

7. CELTIC IBERIAN CELTIC AND IBERIAN ART
THE LADY OF ELCHE, THE BEST EXAMPLE OF IBERIAN ART
BULLS OF GUISANDO, IN EL TIEMBLO, AVILA
THE LADY OF BAZA
CELTIC
IBERIAN

8. CELTIC AND IBERIAN SETTLEMENTS
Fortified settlements
Round houses made of stone and adobe and roofed with branches
Houses followed no logical plan
Walled settlements
Rectangular houses made of adobe and roofed with branches
Houses formed streets in a line.

10. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC
Colonising peoples came from eastern Mediterranean in search of metals.
Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians.
Settled along the Peninsula’s eastern and western coasts.
Founded cities, colonies and established relationships with the indigenous peoples of the period.

11. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC
PHOENICIANS
Came from eastern Mediterranean and arrived in about the 9th century BC.
Carried out important trade.
Sailed the Mediterranean sea to get raw materials and to keep commecial relationlships.
Settled along the Mediterranean coast,in Sicily, Carthago (northern Afica) and in the south of the Iberian Peninsula
Gadir (Cádiz), Sexi (almuñecar), Malaca (Málaga), Abdera (Adra)
Main contributions: grow vines, salt fish, use the potter’s wheel, create purple fabric dyes and use alphabetic writing.

12. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC
GREEKS
Came from the Greek poleis.
Became rivals of the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean.
Reached the peninsula in the 8th century BC.
Inhabitated the east coast from Catalonia to Valencia.
Founded colonies such as Rodhes (Roses), Hemeros-Kopeion (Denia) and Emporion (Ampurias)
Kept relationships with the Tartessos
Main contributions: money, writing, grow olive trees and art

13. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC
CARTHAGINIANS
Came from Carthage, in North Africa
Settled on the Balearic Island in the 7th century BC
Became the Phoenicians’ successors.
Controlled the Phoenicas’s settements and founded others
Carthago-Nova (Cartagena), Ebyssos (Ibiza), Mago (Mahón)
Accomplished military colonization
Beat the Greeks and forced them to abandon the Iberian Peninsula
In the 3rd century BC, the Roman victory over Hanibal Barca (Carthaginian leader), in the second Punic War led to the expulsion of the Carthaginians from Hispania

14. TARTESSOS: THE FIRST STATE IN THE PENINSULA
Oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula
Occupied the south east of the Iberian Peninsula.
Economy based on agriculture, livestock farming, mining and iron working.
Extracted copper, silver and tin
Kept commercial relationships with Phoenicians and Greeks in exchange of fabric, oil, jewels and ivory
Adopted agriculture techniques and silvlversmithing
Had a knowledge of writing and developed a refined form of art.
Iberians succeded Tartessos from the 5th century BC .

15. TARTESSIAN TREASURE OF ALISEDA FOUND IN EL CARAMBOLO (SEVILLE)

16. ROMAN CONQUEST OF HISPANIA
Hanibal broke the deal of frontiers with the Romans in the Iberian Peninsula when he attacked Sagunto, an ally of Rome.
Conflict led to the Second Punic War (218 BC-201 BC)
Roman general Scipio Africanus reached the peninsula and expelled the Carthaginians.
The Romans occupied the Peninsula
ROMAN LEGIONARY

17. ROMAN CONQUEST OF HISPANIA
Roman Conquest developed in 3 stages:
Romans landed in Emporion.
Ilipa Battle put an end to the Carthaginians’ control in the Iberian Peninsula in 206 BC.
Conquered the Mediterranean Coast and Valleys of Ebro and Guadalquivir
FIRST PHASE:
218 – 197 BC
SECOND PHASE:
154 – 133 BC
Occupied the Meseta region, beat Lusitans and the last Celtiberians in Numancia
Conquered the Balearic Islands and after defeating the Cantabri and Asturs, occupied the North except for a few Vasconi villages.
Emperor Augustus ended the conquest in 19 BC.
THIRD PHASE:
29 – 19 BC

18. TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF HISPANIA
All the land conquered by the Romans was called HISPANIA.
Divided the territory into provinces.
Each province was ruled by a governor.
Each province was split in Conventus.
Provincial capitals became political, economic and cultural centres of large regions.
Founded new cities (colonies) to house retired legionaries and people from Rome.
Tarraco (Tarragona), Emerita Augusta (Mérida), Hispalis (Sevilla), Corduba (Córdoba) and Valentia (Valencia).

19. Roman Hispania
In the beginning there were only two provinces: Citerior and Ulteriour
In the late 3rd century the territory in Hispania was divided into 5 provinces: Baetica, Lusitania, Tarraconensis, Gallaecia and Carthaginiensis.

20. ROMAN HISPANIA: SOCIETY
Roman families, patricians
Hispanic families involved in the government
PlebeIANS: Artisans, shopkeepers, little landowners
Hispanic people punished for fighting the romans. They worked as miners, farmers or home maids
FREE PEOPLE (CITIZENS)
ALL FREEDMEN AND WOMEN WERE DENIED THE RIGHT OF CITIZENSHIP REGARDLESS OF THEIR WEALTH
SLAVES (NON CITIZENS)

21. ECONOMY IN HISPANIA
MINING
TRADE
AGRICULTURE
HANDICRAFTS
EXPORTED WHEAT, WINE, OIL, SALTED FISH, METALS AND SLAVES
IMPORTED LUXURY PRODUCTS (PERFUME)
GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, IRON, LEAD, AND MERCURY
MAIN ECONOMY RESOURCE
INCREASE IN PRODUCTION THANKS TO THE ROMAN PLOUGH, NEW IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES AND BARBECHO
WINE, VINES AND OLIVES
POTTERY (AMPHORAE), OLIVE OIL, WINE, IRON PRODUCTS, TEXTILES, GLASSWAREAND SALTED FISH

22. ECONOMY IN HISPANIA COMMON CURRENCY PRESSING OLIVES TO MAKE OIL
VINEYARDS
SALTED FISH
PAVED ROADS
PLOUGH
POTTERY
WHEAT FIELDS

23. PROCESS OF PROGRESSIVE ADAPTATION TO ROMAN WAYS OF LIFE
ROMANIZATION
PROCESS OF PROGRESSIVE ADAPTATION TO ROMAN WAYS OF LIFE
By the 1st century AD Roman control was virtually complete.
With the exception of the Vascones, the whole Iberian population would be romanized.
Hispanic people assimitaled Roman culture gradually.
Latin imposed over the indigenous languages
All citizens in Hispania were subjectet to the same Roman Law
Roman religion and later christianity was adopted in most of the territory.
Cities became spots for cultural spread.
Cities were connected thanks to a wide net of new roads
Legionaries became the main vehicle of romanization

24. A Hispano-Roman villa

25. LEGACY OF ANCIENT SPAIN
PRE-ROMAN
ROMAN
Coin
Alphabet
Olive and grapevine
Cultural heritage
Latin
Roman Law
Christian religion
Architecture: amphitheatres
Engineering: bridges, aqueducts, baths, roads

26. HISPANO-ROMAN Architecture
ROMAN THEATRE, MERIDA
ROMAN BRIDGE, ALCANTARA (CACERES)
ROMAN AMPHITHEATRE, ITALICA
ROMAN AQUEDUCT, SEGOVIA

27. HISPANO-ROMAN Architecture
MAUSOLEUM OF FABARA, ZARAGOZA)
ARC DE BARA, TARRAGONA
TOWER OF HERCULES, A CORUÑA
ROMAN THEATRE, CARTAGENA