1. Introduction to the Structural Units
Chapter 1
Introduction to the Structural Units

2. A and P Anatomy Physiology
Shape and structures of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another
Physiology
Function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism

3. Branches of Anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy
Developmental anatomy
Comparative anatomy
Systematic anatomy

4. Terms for Location or Position and Directions
Anterior or ventral
Front or in front of
Posterior or dorsal
Back or in back of
Cranial and caudal
Refer to direction of either toward the “head end” or “tail end”
Superior and inferior
Above or below another

5. Terms for Location or Position and Directions, etc.
Medial and lateral
Toward the midline or away from the midline
Proximal and distal
Toward or away from the point of attachment or origin
Superficial or external
On or near the surface or deep (internal)

6. Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal plane
Right and left parts
Midsagittal plane
Equal right and left parts
Coronal (frontal) plane
Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane
Transverse or cross section
Horizontal; divides body into upper and lower parts

7. Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
Brain and spinal cord
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

8. Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
Epigastric region (upper)
Just below sternum
Right and left hypochondriac
Just below ribs
Umbilical (middle)
Located around the navel
Right and left lumbar
Extend from anterior to posterior
Hypogastric (lower)
Pubic area
Right and left iliac
Also called right and left inguinal areas

9. Smaller Cavities Orbital cavity Nasal cavity Buccal cavity
Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ducts
Nasal cavity
Parts that form the nose
Buccal cavity
Teeth and and tongue

10. Life Functions
Living organisms may be one-celled organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc.
All living organisms are capable of carrying on life functions
These functions allow living organisms to live, grow and maintain themselves

11. Life Functions Movement Ingestion Digestion Transport Respiration
Muscle system
Ingestion
Digestive system
Digestion
Transport
Circulatory system
Respiration
Respiratory system
Synthesis
Digestive system

12. Life Functions Assimilation Growth Secretion Excretion
Digestive system
Growth
Skeletal system
Secretion
Endocrine system
Excretion
Urinary system
Regulation (sensitivity)
Nervous system
Reproduction
Reproductive system

13. Human Development
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system

14. Body Processes Metabolism
Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions
Anabolism
Building up
Catabolism
Breaking down

15. Homeostasis
Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits
Essential to survival
Works on a negative feedback system