1. Atoms and the Periodic Table
Chemistry
Atoms and the Periodic Table

2. Democritus Ancient Greek Philosopher -- around 400BC
Let’s Take a Journey
Democritus
Ancient Greek Philosopher -- around 400BC

3. The atom…..

4. John Dalton

6. J.J. Thompson

7. 1903

8. Ernest Rutherford

9. Gold Foil Experiment

12. Today’s Model of the Atom? The Bohr Model
Where are electron’s?
Where are protons?
Where are neutrons?
Outer orbital’s or energy levels
nucleus
nucleus

14. How does the atom stay together?
Charge of an electron = x 10¯19 Coulombs
Charge of a proton = 1.6 × 10−19 Coulombs
NEGATIVE
Positive

15. Opposites attract and likes repel
Law of charge
Opposites attract and likes repel

16. What holds the nucleus together? STRONG FORCE!!!!
What do likes do?
REPEL!!!!!
What holds the nucleus together?
STRONG FORCE!!!!

17. Joke
Two atoms bump into each other. One says "I think I lost an electron!" The other asks, "Are you sure?", to which the first replies, "I'm positive."

18. A real life model of the atom
Mint in a football stadium

19. Which one has the greatest mass?
Proton
Neutron
Electron
amu
amu
amu

20. Masses Electron = 9.10 × 10−31 kg which is 1/1800 of the proton mass.
Proton = × kg times the mass of an electron
Neutron = x kg

21. A type of matter made up of one type of atom.
Elements
A type of matter made up of one type of atom.
Each one is different depending on protons, neutrons, and electrons

22. Number of protons or electrons found in the atom.
Atomic Number
Number of protons or electrons found in the atom.
Hydrogen = 1
This means it has 1 proton &
1 electron

23. How do you find the number of electrons and protons?
The number of electrons and protons is the atomic number

24. Example
Lithium =
3 protons and
3 electrons

25. The total mass of all its
Atomic Mass
The total mass of all its
Measured in Atomic Mass Unit = amu = based on carbon
PROTONS + NEUTRONS

26. Atomic mass of lithium = 6.941a.m.u.

27. Step 1: Round atomic mass to the nearest whole number
To find neutrons
Step 1: Round atomic mass to the nearest whole number
Step 2: Subtract the atomic number from the rounded atomic mass

28. ROUNDED ATOMIC MASS -ATOMIC NUMBER
# NEUTRONS…..
ROUNDED ATOMIC MASS -ATOMIC NUMBER

29. Energy Levels
Electrons rotate around the nucleus in certain orientations.
These orientations are called energy levels.
Each energy level allows only a certain amount of electrons to be in it at one time.

30. Energy level 1 can hold up to 2 electrons
Energy levels
Energy level 1 can hold up to 2 electrons
Energy level 2 can hold up to 8 electrons
Energy level 3 can hold up to 18 electrons

31. For Example: Sodium (Na)

32. Draw an energy level diagram/Bohr Diagram for Nitrogen (N)
Lets look at an example
Draw an energy level diagram/Bohr Diagram for Nitrogen (N)

33. Summary For any element: Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number

34. Elemento
List the following information based on the card you have received:

35. Identify: 1. Atomic Number 2. Atomic Mass 3. Number of electrons
4. Number of protons
5. Number of neutrons
6. Draw the electron configuration. (orbitals)
***Only if it has 18 or less electrons**

36. Switcheroo…
Switch with someone… without seeing their card, try to guess what element they have based on the information you were given!

37. Become the atom….
For this activity we are going to make a model of the atom using ourselves as parts.
For our atom we will need the correct number of protons, electrons, neutrons
We will also need to make sure that each part of the atom goes where it is supposed to.

38. Before we begin there are a few words we need to define…….

39. The number of electrons in the outer orbital of an atom.
Valance Electrons
The number of electrons in the outer orbital of an atom.

40. Vertical columns in the periodic table
Groups/Families
Vertical columns in the periodic table

41. Horizontal rows in the periodic table.
Periods
Horizontal rows in the periodic table.

42. Element 118 has been made element 117 has not
How many elements?
The current standard table contains 117 confirmed elements as of January 27th, 2008
Element 118 has been made element 117 has not

43. How do metals differ from non-metals?
Type 1
How do metals differ from non-metals?

44. Describe a familiar metal
Brainstorm common characteristics of metals…

45. Metal classification - physical
Hardness – solid at room temp. high melting point.
Shiny
Smoothness
Malleability – pounded into shapes
Ductile – pulled or drawn into wires
Conductivity-heat or electricity

46. Metal classification - chemical
Reactivity – 1 to 3 valence electrons, so they bond well with non-metals
Corrosiveness –can be “eaten away.”

47. To the left of the stairs MINUS Hydrogen MINUS Al, Ge, Sb, and Po
LOCATION!!!
To the left of the stairs
MINUS Hydrogen
MINUS Al, Ge, Sb, and Po

48. Alkali Metals So reactive – never found uncombined Very soft and shiny
Group 1 – 1 valence electron
NaCl – table salt
Photocells use Rb and Cs
Body needs K
sodium

49. Alkaline Earth Not as reactive, but still reactive 2 valence electrons
Shiny, malleable, ductile, good conductor
Not found free in nature
Minerals and Gems,
fireworks, flashbulbs
calcium

50. Transition metals Form bridge from very reactive to less reactive.
So similar that their differences are hard to detect.
Hard
Shiny
React slowly with oxygen and water
Good conductors
silver

51. Other metals Aluminum Also Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, and Bi Not as reactive
Have similar properties as metals
Solid with a high density
Aluminum
Also Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, and Bi

52. Rare Earth Californium Manmade, synthetic Soft Malleable Shiny
High conductivity
Unstable nucli - radioactive

53. Describe a common nonmetal
Brainstorm 10 objects that do not contain metal.

54. Lack properties of metals
Nonmetals
Lack properties of metals
17 nonmetals - found to the right of the zig zag
PLUS HYDROGEN

55. Physical properties of nonmetals
Gases at room temp.
Low boiling points
Dull
Brittle if they are solids
Crumble / powder
Poor conductors
Low densities

56. Chemical properties of nonmetals
Do React, BUT not as reactive as metals

57. To the Right of the Stairs PLUS Hydrogen MINUS B, Si, As, Te
LOCATION!!!
To the Right of the Stairs
PLUS Hydrogen
MINUS B, Si, As, Te

58. Halogens Group 17 7 valence electrons Very reactive Salts…
Pools, in water to prevent tooth decay
chlorine

59. Do not react with other elements.
Nobel gases
Group 18
Do not react with other elements.
Very stable elements. – 8 valence electrons
Exist in earth atmosphere, but in small amounts.
neon

60. Properties are in the middle Semi-conductors
Metalloids
Properties are in the middle
Semi-conductors

61. metalloids silicon Found on Zig – zag line
Have properties of nonmetals and metals
Can carry charge / electricity
7 elements-B, Si, Ge,Sb, Te, Po,As
silicon

62. BUT does not include Al or At
LOCATION!!!
Zig-Zag Line/Stairs
BUT does not include Al or At