1. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1

2. and their relationships to one another Ana = apart tomy = cut
WHAT IS ANATOMY?
The study of structure
and shape of the
body and its parts
and their relationships
to one another
Ana = apart tomy = cut

3. The study of how the body and its parts work or function
WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY?
The study of how the body and its parts work or function
-many subdivisions

4. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
atoms
cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism

5. Systems Overview: Skeletal Integumentary
Protects and supports body organs
provides framework the muscles use to cause movement
Blood cells are
formed within
bones
Stores minerals
Integumentary
External body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands

6. Systems Overview: Muscular Allows manipulation of the environment
Locomotion
Facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Nervous
fast-acting control system
Responds to
internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

7. Systems Overview: Endocrine Cardiovascular
- Glands secret hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
Cardiovascular
Blood vessels transport blood
Carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood

8. Systems Overview:
Respiratory
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Gaseous exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
Lymphatic
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Disposes of debris
in the lymphatic
stream
Houses white
blood cells involved
in immunity

9. Systems Overview: Digestive
Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
ingestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces
Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance of the blood

10. Systems Overview: Male- -Production of offspring
Reproductive
Male-
-Production of offspring
-Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone
-Ducts & glands aid delivery of viable sperm
Female-
Ovaries produce eggs & hormones
Site for fertilization and development of the fetus
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn

11. Maintaining Life Movement- small & large level
Maintaining boundaries- inside is inside
Movement- small & large level
Responsiveness- sense changes and react
Digestion- taking in nutrients
Metabolism- all chemical reactions
Excretion- removing wastes from body
Reproduction- producing offspring
Growth- increase in size

12. Homeostasis
body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing
control mechanisms include receptors,
control center and effectors
negative feedback- regulation in which
the response to the stimulus is to lower
the reaction
ex: breathing rate, blood glucose levels, body temp
positive feedback- regulation in which response to stimulus is to increase the reaction, rare in the body
ex: blood clotting, childbirth

13. Internal environment (ie. body temp, pH, glucose level)
External environment (ie. weather, fluid surrounding cells)
Regulatory mechanisms control homeostasis
Feedback control loop: positive or negative
Ex: blood CO2 level, temp, heart rate, sleep cycle, thirst
4 basic components to every loop:
1. stimulus
2. sensor mechanism
3. control center
4. effector mechanism
Afferent vs. Efferent
Afferent – signal travels toward reference point
Efferent – signal travels away from reference point

14. Positive Feedback
Stimulatory
Amplifies/reinforces change which can be harmful and disastrous
Cause instability and disrupt homeostasis (continuous temp increase)
ex: sneezing, immune response to infection
Negative Feedback
Inhibitor
Oppose change by creating response opposite in direction of initial disturbance
 change – temperature drop
 response – heat production
 initial disturbance – temp
falls below normal set point
ex: goosebumps, sweating

15. Proximal- towards center
Language of Anatomy
Directional terms:
Proximal- towards center
Distal- away from center
Medial- toward midline of body
Lateral- away from midline of body
Anatomical Position:

16. Regional terms: Anterior Landmarks

17. Regional terms: Posterior Landmarks

18. Body Planes:

19. Body Cavities

20. Abdominopelvic Cavity: - broken in 4 quadrants and 9 regions