1. Cambridge IGCSE Biology Extended Level
ClickBiology
Cambridge IGCSE Biology Extended Level
Cells 1

2. You should be able to:
Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples. 2

3. Vocabulary
Cell membrane Cell Wall Vacuole Cytoplasm Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondria
Cell Tissue Organ Organ system with examples Organism

4. Cell
Basic unit of structure and function of all living things
Cell Theory
All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells

5. Animal Cell Parts
Cell membrane - controls what enters and leaves the cell Cytoplasm – clear jelly, nearly all water, substances such as proteins are dissolved in it. DNA - contains the coded instructions to make proteins Nucleus - contains the DNA and so controls the cell

6. A section through a liver cell (animal cell):
cell membrane
nucleus
controls what enters and leaves the cell
contains the DNA and so controls the cell
cytoplasm
DNA
metabolic (chemical) reactions occur here
contains the coded instructions to make proteins 6

7. Plant Cell Parts
Cell Membrane – same as animal cells Cytoplasm – same as animal cells Cellulose Cell Wall – gives shape to the cell, allows water and dissolved substances to pass through. Vacuoles – filled with water to help give shape to the cell Chloroplasts – photosynthesis and stores starch

8. Section through a palisade cell of a leaf (plant cell)
chloroplast
cell membrane
large sap vacuole
nucleus
cellulose cell wall
cytoplasm

9. You should be able to:
Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples. 9

10. Comparing animal and plant cells
Found in both animal and plant cells
Found only in plant cells
cell membrane
cellulose cell wall
nucleus
large sap vacuole
cytoplasm
chloroplast
Have them draw a chart of the differences between the animal and plant cells 10

12. Microscope
View the slide onion. Sketch the image at Scanning, Low and High Power. LABEL on high power the CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, and NUCLEUS.
cope/

13. You should be able to:
Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples. 13

14. Bellwork 9/11/13
1) What is cytoplasm? 2) What type of cells are chloroplasts found in? 3) What is in the large sap vacuole?

15. Red blood cells transport oxygen
cytoplasm contains no nucleus
cell surface membrane
allows more room for haemoglobin
cytoplasm contains haemoglobin
haemoglobin is a protein which carries the oxygen molecules
bi-concave disc shape
increases surface area over which absorption of oxygen can occur

16. Red Blood Cells NO NUCLEUS
Travel through your blood vessels delivering oxygen and removing wastes
Appear red because they
contain hemoglobin that binds
oxygen for transport
Function: transport
NO NUCLEUS

17. Muscle cells contract and enable movement of the body
Muscle cells have many nuclei
nucleus
cell surface membrane
protein strands
The strands of protein slide over each other making the muscle cell (fibre) shorter and causing the muscle to contract

18. Muscle Cells
They need to know the names of all 3. The cardiac muscle is in the heart…the skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton and are what makes us move. The smooth muscle cell is what makes the stomach and intestines contract to move food through.

19. Ciliated cells move bacteria and dust away from the lungs
Cilia are small extensions of the cell. They beat rhythmically to sweep mucus, which has trapped bacteria and dust, away from the lungs
nucleus
magnification X3000

20. Ciliated Cells

21. Xylem vessels transport water and minerals up the plant
xylem vessels are continuous tubes
xylem vessel
no cytoplasm
hollow: allows for continuous flow of water and dissolved mineral ions
lignin
water-proof and strong;
helps support the plant
longitudinal section
cross-section

22. Root hair cells absorb minerals and water from the soil
Cross-section of a root hair cell
cell membrane
semi-permeable, so will allow water and mineral ions into the cell
cytoplasm
contains no chloroplasts as no photosynthesis is needed
root hair
increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions

23. Root Hair Cell cells found near to the tip of the roots of plants.
Most water enters the root through them.
The thin hair-like extension of
each cell gives a large surface
for water to enter across.
Function: absorption

24. You should be able to:
Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples. 24

25. A tissue is a group of cells of similar structure that perform a shared function
upper epidermal
tissue
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll tissue
lower epidermal
Tissues found in the leaf
Cross-section of a leaf
Animal tissues:
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

26. An organ is a structure made of a group of tissues working together to perform specific functions
heart
lungs
liver
stomach
brain
kidneys
Plant organs include the stem and the leaves

27. An organ system is a group of organs that coordinate to perform related functions
lymphatic
system
digestive
system
reproductive
system
skeletal
system
endocrine
system
respiratory
system
excretory
system
muscular
system
nervous
system
circulatory
system
In plants the shoot is an organ system consisting of leaves and the stem

28. Levels of organisation
systems
cell
tissue
organ
organism
nerve cell
nervous tissue
brain
nervous
system
Homo sapiens
smallest
largest

29. Now you should be able to:
Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.
Now you should be able to
Explain why many animals have a heart and circulation (a mass transport system)
And
Explain the importance of water as a solvent in transport, including its dipole nature. 29

30. Now write down everything you remember from the presentation
Don’t refer to your text book straight away, see what information you have retained.
Check the notes you have made by checking your book. 30

31. ClickBiology Edexcel AS Level Biology Next video:
Transport into and out of the cell
(diffusion, osmosis and active transport) 31