1. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Presentation by: Mahendra Kandel
For: Bachelor of Pharmacy
(NIST)
29 November, 2010
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

2. Anatomy and physiology: Contents
Unit 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 2: Cellular structure and cellular reproduction
Unit 3: Tissues
Unit 4: Systems:
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Gastrointestinal system
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Reproductive System
Urinary System
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

3. Unit 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Definition of Anatomy and Physiology
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomical position
Anatomical planes
Directional terms
Body regions
Body cavities and membranes
Homeostasis
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

4. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Definitions
Anatomy:
1. The word "anatomy" comes from the Greek ana- meaning up or through + tome meaning a cutting.
Therefore, Anatomy is a "cutting up" because the structure of the body is originally learned through dissecting it, cutting it up.
2. ANATOMY is the study, classification, and description of structures and organs of the body.
3. The science of the body structure of an organism and its parts.
Gross anatomy involves structures that can be seen with the naked eye.
Microscopic anatomy (or histology) which involves structures seen under the microscope.
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

5. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Definitions
Physiology:
The word physiology is from Greek language, physis, "nature" and logos, "study of".
the branch of biology dealing with the functions and vital processes of living organisms or their parts and organs
the functions and vital processes, collectively (of an organism, or of an organ or system of organs)
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

6. Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
It is the unity of form ( Anatomy) and function (physiology)
Anatomy deals with the structure of the related organs and the physiology deals with the functions and processes.
For example: description of different organs is related to anatomy and how each organ functions with respect to each other is related with Physiology.
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

7. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Anatomical Position
Features/ Characteristics of Anatomical Position:
Person stands erect
Feet flat on floor
Arms at sides and forearms in Supine Position
Palms, eyes & face facing forward
Anatomical Position is the Standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions & dissection
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

8. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Forearm Positions
Supine
palms face forwards or upwards
radius & ulna are parallel
Prone
palms face rearward or downward
radius & ulna are crossed
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

9. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Anatomical Position
The dead anatomical position has the person lying flat on his back, arms by the sides, palms facing upwards. This is lying SUPINE
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

10. Anatomical Planes and Sections
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body
sections are anatomical views if body is cut on a plane
Sagittal plane divides body into right and left halves
median plane creates equal halves
Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into front & back portions
Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into upper & lower portions
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

11. Typical Sectional Views of the Body
Sagittal Frontal Transverse
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

12. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Directional Terms
anterior (ventral) surface of human is surface of chest & belly………….towards the front
posterior (dorsal) surface of human is back side
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

13. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
VENTRAL & DORSAL
Only shows Anterior aspects
(Front)
DORSAL/ POSTERIOR
VENTRAL/ ANTERIOR
(Back)
Although there is a choice of terms, convention has usually has settled on a particular pair; and, if ‘dorsal’ is used for one side of a structure, then ‘ventral’ should be applied to the other (ditto for anterior/posterior)
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

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Directional terms
MEDIAL & LATERAL
Thumb points
Laterally
(Outwards)
Little finger lies
Medially
(Towards the midline)
MEDIAN
(Midline)
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

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Directional Terms
RIGHT
LEFT
RIGHT & LEFT
LEFT arm, RIGHT kidney,
MEDIAN
(Midline)
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

18. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Directional Terms
PROXIMAL
DISTAL
(Close)
PROXIMAL & DISTAL
(Far)
Proximal and distal apply to long structures that have a start somewhere, e.g., a limb, a finger, an artery, a section of the gut, bones.
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

19. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Directional terms
SUPERIOR & INFERIOR
SUPERIOR
(Upper)
Lip
(Lower)
INFERIOR
Lip
SUPERIOR
INFERIOR
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

20. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Body Regions
Axial region = head (cephalic), neck (Cervical), Thorax, Abdomen and pelvic region [Anterior and Posterior views]
Appendicular region = upper & lower limbs
upper limb
Brachium (arm), antebrachium (forearm), carpus (wrist), palm and digits (fingers)=manus (hand)
lower limb
thigh,Patella, crus (leg), tarsus (ankle), pes (foot) & digits (toes)
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

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23. Figure 1.7A Regional terms for body areas
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

24. Figure 1.7B Regional terms for body areas
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

25. BODY WALL & CAVITIES: Casing & Contents
The body wall is musculo-skeletal and covered with skin
The cavities house soft organs: some tubular or bag-like with a space(s) inside (the lumen), others are more solid, e.g., the spleen, kidneys, and liver. These all are the VISCERA.
‘SOMATIC’ is applied to the limbs and body wall, ‘VISCERAL’ to the viscera
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

26. Body Cavities and Membranes
Major body cavities
dorsal body cavity
cranial cavity
vertebral canal
ventral body cavity
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
Cavities are lined by membranes and Filled with viscera
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

27. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Body Cavities
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel 27

28. BODY CAVITIES I Ventral Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
THORACIC
(Chest)
Further subdivided into PLEURAL CAVITIES (lungs) & PERICARDIAL CAVITY (for the heart)
DIAPHRAGM - a moving muscular sheet for separation & breathing
ABDOMINAL (Belly)
PELVIC
Belly button = Umbilicus
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

29. Abdominal Quadrants and Regions
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30. Figure 1.11A Abdominopelvic regions
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32. Figure 1.11B Abdominopelvic regions
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Thoracic Cavity
Mediastinum = cavity separating left from right pleural cavities
heart, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, & thymus
Pleural cavities filled with lungs
Membranes
visceral & parietal pleural cover lungs & line rib cage
visceral & parietal pericardium cover heart & line pericardial sac
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

34. Pericardial Membranes
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35. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Pleural Membranes
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36. Abdominopelvic Cavity
Pelvic brim separates abdomen & pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity contains GI tract, kidneys & ureters
pelvic cavity contains rectum, bladder, urethra & reproductive organs
Membranes = visceral & parietal peritoneum
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

37. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel
Thank you!!
Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel