1. Introduction to Nursing
TOPIC 1: Introduction to Nursing
Learning Goal C: Identify the systems of a healthy body
HLT33115 Unit: HLTAAP001 - Recognise healthy body systems
Related Assessment: Task C

2. Recap - Systems

3. Nervous System
Nervous System: Responsible for the control of the body and communication between different parts.

4. Nervous System
Nervous System Organs: Brain, spinal cord, sensory organs and nerves
Tissue: nervous tissue
Cells: neurons (Afferent, Efferent and Interneurons), Neuroglia (helper)
Molecules: charged ions (Na and K)

5. https://psychlopedia.wikispaces.com/synapse

6. Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
Four Divisions:
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

7. Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord - acts as the control center of the body by processing, memory and regualtion systems.
It take all conscious and subconscious sensory information taken in from our body through the afferent neurons (sensory) and makes decisions on what to do to maintain homeosatsis.
It sends signal via efferent neurons (motor) to tell the body what to do to survive.

8. Central Nervous System Depending on the signal

9. Peripheral Nervous System
Includes all aspects outside the brain and spinal cord - relates directly to taking in information and sending it to the brain or recieving information and sen

10. Somatic Nervous System
All the voluntary efferent neurons (i.e. motor signals) - conscious skeletal movement.

11. Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the PNS that includes all of the involuntary efferent neurons. The ANS controls subconscious effectors such as visceral muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glandular tissue.

12. Autonomic nervous system
Two types:
Sympathetic. The sympathetic division forms the body’s “fight or flight” response to stress, danger, excitement, exercise, emotions, and embarrassment. The sympathetic division increases respiration and heart rate, releases adrenaline and other stress hormones, and decreases digestion to cope with these situations

13. Autonomic nervous system
Two types:
Parasympathetic. The parasympathetic division forms the body’s “rest and digest” response when the body is relaxed, resting, or feeding. The parasympathetic works to undo the work of the sympathetic division after a stressful situation. Among other functions, the parasympathetic division works to decrease respiration and heart rate, increase digestion, and permit the elimination of wastes.

14. Central Nervous System Depending on the signal

15. CNS - Controls and regulates or messages into the body
Key Terms
CNS - Controls and regulates or messages into the body
- Brain - Higher order processing
- Brainstem - Autonomic processing (old brain)
- Cranial Nerves – Sends messages and receives signals related to the head and neck
- Spinal Cord – sends messages to PNS or receives messages from PNS
PNS - Nerves
Brachial Nerve - Upper arm
Ulna Nerve - Lower am
Radial Nerve - Lower arm
Sciatic Nerve - hip
Femoral Nerve - hip and legs

16. Brain is broken into major sections: Cerebrum Occipital Lobe - vision
Parietal Lobe movement and sensory
Temporal Lobe - hearing and languages
Frontal Lobe - personality and complex reasoning
Ventricles - cerebral spinal fluids that verve cells to keep healthy - providing nutrients and removing waste
Thalamus - control centre - all messages go through it to be sent to other aspects.
Hypothalamus - regulates the endocrine system including temperature, heart rhythm, sleep (links to the pituitary gland
Hippocampus - coordinates and controls memory.
Amygdala - controls emotions
Basal Ganglia supports movement
Corpus Collosum - Where major axons from the body cross

17. Brain stem - controls vital organs (includes the pons, Reticular activating system and medulla)
Cerebellum – regulates and perfect movements

18. A healthy nervous system:
1. Receives sensory input correctly.
- AVPU alert to person, place and time and reacts appropriately.
2. Correct motor function - correct flexion and extension
3. Correct pupillary action – fast and correct movement
4. Maintain temperature
(between 36.5 C – 37.5 C)
5. Maintain heart rhythm ( bpm at rest for adults)
6. Maintain respiratory rate at breaths per minute for adults.

19. Neuro Observation
Neurological observation is the collection of information on a patient’s central nervous system (consisting of the brain and spinal cord).
Observations are recorded:
To aid with diagnosis of a neurological disorder;
As baseline observations (i.e. on admission)
Following a neurosurgical procedure;
Post-trauma (i.e. fall)

20. Neuro Observation
The key processes includes:
level of conciousness,
motor function
pupillary reaction
vital signs (BP, pulse, temperature, resp rate)

21. Level of consciousness (AVPU)
Alert - alert, awake, aware of surroundings
Verbal - responds to verbal stimuli (their name)
Pain - responds to pain - responds slowly
Unconscious - does not respond to painful stimuli or aware of surrounding
Futher add level of confusion:
Orientated to person, place and time

22. Comparing both sides of the body look at: Flexion - bending or flexing
Motor response
Comparing both sides of the body look at:
Flexion - bending or flexing
Extension - Straightening or enxtnsion
These should have an equal reaction at same strength on both sides of the body.

23. Both eyes should be the same size (roughly between 2-6mm) and have rapid reaction (+)

24. Comparing both sides of the body look at: Flexion - bending or flexing
Motor response
Comparing both sides of the body look at:
Flexion - bending or flexing
Extension - Straightening or enxtnsion
These should have an equal reaction at same strength on both sides of the body.

25. Vital Signs
Respirations - the brain controls breathing so any problems with the brain can affect respirations. The rate, depth and pattern of breathing should be recorded;
Temperature - the hypothalamus regulates body temperature, and problems within the hypothalamus will lead to abnormal temperatures;
Blood pressure and pulse - raised blood pressure, bradycardia and a fall in respiratory rate may be indicative of increased ICP. Usually the patient’s level of consciousness will have begun to deteriorate before there is any alteration in the vital signs observation.

26. So What. Summary Key Terms- these are taken from our discussions
So What? Summary Key Terms- these are taken from our discussions. Please note these are not exact definitions but provide a general understanding.
Nervous System: Responsible for the control of the body and communication between different parts.
Nervous System Organs: brain, spinal cord, sensory organs and nerves
Muscular Tissue: nervous tissue
Muscular Cells: neurons
Molecules: charged ions
Stimuli is received by our sensors (sight, hearing, taste, feel, smell) in our PNS, sent to our CNS by sensory nerves where it is processed. Signals then sent via motor nerves back to the PNS telling it what to do.
Key Terms
CNS - Controls and regulates or
messages into the body
-Brain - Higher order processing
- Frontal Lobe - personality
- Parietal Lobe -motor/senses
- Occipital Lobe -vision
- Temporal Lobe - hearing/language
- Thalamus - controls messages into brain
- Hypothalamus - controls endocrine system
- Corpocollosum - where all axons cross
- Hippocampus - controls memory
- Amygdala - controls emotions
-Brainstem - Autonomic processing (old brain) and vial organs
- cerebellum - smoothes movements
-Spinal Cord - connects the PNS to brain + does reflexes
PNS - Nerves
-Cranial Nerves - Focus head/neck
-Brachial Nerve - Upper arm
-Ulna Nerve - Lower am
-Radial Nerve - Lower arm
-Sciatic Nerve - hip
-Femoral Nerve - hip and legs
Healthy nervous system:
-Receives sensory input correctly - Alert to person, place and time and reacts appropriately. No unnecessary pain.
- Correct motor function - correct flexion and extension
- Normal pulse, BP, Temperature, Respiratory rate
Neuro obs:- to test musculoskeletal system and nervous system. includes:
level of consciousness -AVPU and orientation
motor function - flexion and extension
pupillary reaction - reactivity to light
vital signs (BP, pulse, temperature, resp rate)
Observations are recorded:
-To aid diagnosis of a neurological disorder;
-As baseline observations (i.e. on admission)
-Following a neurosurgical procedure;
-Post-trauma (i.e. fall)