1. What tricks do you use to remember new information?
Bell Work

2. Memory

3. Types of Memories

4. What is Memory?
Process we recollect prior experiences, information, or skills learned in the past.

5. Specific event Flashbulb memory:
Episodic Memory
Specific event
Flashbulb memory:
How did you meet your significant other?
When did you win a competition?
These have a special meaning for us.
9/11

6. Who wrote your favorite quote?
Generic Memory
General Knowledge
Who is the president?
Who wrote your favorite quote?
Doesn’t usually involve a date you learned it.
Recite the alphabet.

7. Skills/procedures learned. Reading a bike.
Procedural Memory
Skills/procedures learned.
Reading a bike.
Skill memory lasts a long time.
Can you forget to ride a bike?

8. Three Processes of Memory
Think: How do you store and retrieve information from a computer?

9. Encoding

10. Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored.
Encoding
Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored.
First stage of processing information.

11. Pencils Down… Remember this… 30 seconds

12. Remember This: 30 Seconds
OTTFFSSENT

13. Seeing the letters as a picture. Making a mental image of things
Visual Codes
Seeing the letters as a picture.
Making a mental image of things
Grocery shopping

14. Reading the list and repeating it to yourself.
Acoustic Codes
Reading the list and repeating it to yourself.
Using an auditory cue to help you remember.

15. Making sense of the letters “Only Thirty Thousand Foul Fowls…”
Semantic Codes
Making sense of the letters
“Only Thirty Thousand Foul Fowls…”
Numbers
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

16. How do you save something to a computer?
Storage:

17. Second Stage of Processing Information
Storage
Second Stage of Processing Information
Maintenance of encoded information
Best way is rehearsal

18. Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating information to save it.

19. Elaborative Rehearsal
Creating meaning for information.
Using words in a sentence rather than just memorizing definitions.

20. Organizational Systems (Under Storage)
Expansion of organized information
Why do we keep taking certain classes?
Develop files within files (Fileception!)

21. Can eventually put them in the “right” place.
Filing Errors
Mistakes can be made
Can eventually put them in the “right” place.

22. Wrap Up
If you wanted to remember the definition of storage how could you use the different types of rehearsal to do it?

23. Bell Work
Give an example of an episodic, a general, and a procedural memory.

24. Three Stages of Memory

25. Icon – Mental pictures of visual stimuli
Sensory
Based on senses
Icon – Mental pictures of visual stimuli
Iconic Memory
Photographic Memory
Echoes – Mental traces of sound
Echoic Memory
Easier than visual

26. What you are thinking now uses short term memory
“Working Memory”
What you are thinking now uses short term memory
Rehearsal puts helps create long term memory

27. Short Term Memory Primacy Effect Recency Effect Chunking
The tendency to recall the first bits of information (from a list or group)
Recency Effect
Tendency to recall the last bits of information (more recent than first or middle)
Chunking
Write down a phone number you know.
Social Security Numbers
Credit Cards

28. Short Term Memory Interference
New information replaces what was previously in short term memory
Cramming for a test
Time consuming instructions.

29. Long Term Final stage of memory Capacity of Memory
All senses
No limit yet discovered
Not permanent
Memory as Reconstruction
Memories are not videos
Reconstruction of information the brain held on to.

30. Retrieval Next step is finding information…
How do you do this on a computer?
Retrieval

31. Retrieval Bringing information back. Context-Dependent State-Dependent
Memories come back dependent on context (hearing an old song, brings back memories)
State-Dependent
Memories related to state of being at the time they were established
Drugs and alcohol
Caffeine

32. Memory Tasks

33. Basic Memory Tasks Recognition Recall Relearning
Identifying things you have memories about
Easiest
Recall
Reconstruct information in your mind
More than just recognizing you’ve seen it before.
Relearning
We forget
Relearning is more rapid than learning

35. Amnesia Infantile: Anterograde: Retrograde:
Cannot remember before the age of three
Brain is not developed enough to constantly rehearse memories
Anterograde:
Trauma to the brain (blow to head, shock, surgery)
Forming new memories
Retrograde:
Lose memories leading up to trauma
The Majestic

36. Improving Memory Unusual Associations Mnemonic Devices
Strange way of remembering things
Efferant nerves go in which direction?
Mnemonic Devices
Acronym, phrase, or jingle
HOMES
Name game

37. Wrap Up
Why is it important to keep rehearsing information?