1. Lesson XXXIII Perfect Passive Participles
Passive Voice: Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tenses

2. Perfect Participles
A PARTICIPLE is a form of a verb that’s used as an adjective. The past participle in English usually ends in –ed:
e.g.: carried, beloved
With other verbs, it is irregular:
e.g.: shown, eaten, seen, heard.
The baby, CARRIED by its mother, stopped crying.
The sheets, EATEN by moths, were no longer useful.
SEEN cheating by her boyfriend, the girl decided now was as good a time as any to break up.

3. Perfect Participles
In Latin, the PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is the 4th PRINCIPAL PART of the verb. It generally ends in –tus or –sus:
Porto, portare, portavi, PORTATUS
PORTATUS: “Having been carried” or just “carried”
Mitto, mittere, misi, MISSUS
MISSUS: “sent” or “having been sent”
These words decline in 1st/2nd declensions just like any other –us, -a, -um adjective. Only the –us ending is listed in your vocabulary.

4. Participles Examples: Cibus propositus: “the offered food”
Litterae missae:
“the sent letter”

5. Forming perfect passive tenses
Now that you’ve learned participles, it’s time to put them to good use!
The perfect passive participle (part 4 of the verb’s principal parts) is used to make PASSIVE VOICE of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses.
Remember that the participle is an adjective, so we’re going to have to tweak its ending a little bit as we conjugate from singular to plural and from gender to gender.
Perfect passive tenses are unique in that they use 2 words: a participle and a form of sum.

6. Perfect Passive Tense
Take the perfect passive participle of a verb.
Add the present tense of “sum” as a helping verb.
Yes, you’re using the PRESENT tense of sum to form a PAST tense verb.
Be careful not to translate “sum” as present tense when it’s partnered up with a participle. You’ll see why on the next page….

7. Amatus sum Amati sumus Amatus es Amati estis Amatus est Amati sunt
Singular
Plural
1st person
Amatus sum
I was, have been loved
Amati sumus
We were, have been loved
2nd person
Amatus es
You were, have been loved
Amati estis
Y’all were, have been loved
3rd person
*Note that sum is NOT translated “I am”. This is a PAST tense, so the regular meanings of “sum” are thrown out the window…for this chart.
Amatus est
He was, has been loved
NOT “she” or “it”: that would be amatA or amatUM, respectively
Amati sunt
They were, have been loved
Note that we changed –us to the nominative plural –i. Had we been working with amata, the plural would be amatae. Amatum would change to amata.

8. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular Plural
1st ductus ducti
2nd ductus ducti
3rd ductus ducti
sum
est es
sumus
sunt
estis

9. Pluperfect Passive: The Same Pattern!
Just use “eram” as your helping verb.
amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love
Singular
Plural
1st person
Amatus eram
I had been loved
Amati eramus
We had been loved
2nd person
Amatus eras
You had been loved
Amati eratis
Y’all had been loved
3rd person
Amatus erat
He had been loved
Amati erant
They had been loved

10. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular Plural
1st ductus ducti
2nd ductus ducti
3rd ductus ducti
eram
erat
eras
eramus
erant
eratis

11. Future Perfect Passive: The Same Pattern AGAIN!
Just use “ero” as your helping verb (future of sum)
amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love
Singular
Plural
1st person
Amatus ero
I will have been loved
Amati erimus
We will have been loved
2nd person
Amatus eris
You will have been loved
Amati eritis
Y’all will have been loved
3rd person
Amatus erit
He will have been loved
Amati erunt
They will have been loved

12. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular Plural
1st ductus ducti
2nd ductus ducti
3rd ductus ducti
ero
erit
eris
erimus
erunt
eritis

13. Ready to practice? 
But first….

14. beneficium,
benefici (n.)
kindness, benefit

15. exemplum,
exempli (n.)
example
exemplify, sample, exemplary

16. egregius,
egregia
egregium:
distinguished,
excellent
egregious

17. propono,
proponere,
proposui,
propositus:
put forward, offer

18. suscipio,
suscipere,
suscepi,
susceptus:
undertake, take up, start

19. per (+ acc.):
through
perforate, permit, percolate

20. sub: under, close up to + acc.: verbs of motion + abl.: verbs of rest
suspicion, submarine

21. Workbook page 121 (watch out for genders and plurals!)
missa est a. He will be sent
missa erunt b. it will have been sent
3. missum est c. They had been sent
mittetur d. She has been sent
missae sunt e. They were being sent
mittebantur f. They will have been sent
missus est g. They are sent
mittuntur h. They have been sent
missi erant i. It was sent
missum erit j. He has been sent

22. Ready to practice more? 
But once again….

23. beneficium,
benefici (n.)
kindness, benefit

24. exemplum,
exempli (n.)
example
exemplify, sample, exemplary

25. egregius,
egregia
egregium:
distinguished,
excellent
egregious

26. propono,
proponere,
proposui,
propositus:
put forward, offer

27. suscipio,
suscipere,
suscepi,
susceptus:
undertake, take up, start

28. per (+ acc.):
through
perforate, permit, percolate

29. sub: under, close up to + acc.: verbs of motion + abl.: verbs of rest
suspicion, submarine

30. Workbook page 121 Exercise “E”
Translate the 5 sentences in exercise “E” about pirates in the Roman world. Arrrrrgh!
Pay special attention to the passive voice verbs, especially your new perfect/pluperfect/future perfect passive tenses. (Whew! That’s a mouthful…!)