1. Political Liberalism

2. Influence of the philosophers
During the Enlightenment, philosophers discussed ideas on how society and the economy should be run
Liberal proponents looked at the laws of nature and felt that those same laws should be applied
Importance of the individual means that all citizens should have a role to play in society
Philosophes had support for varying degrees of democracy from constitutional monarchies to direct democracies

3. Enlightenment ideas towards gov.
Locke: role of government to limit itself to protecting individual liberty
Rousseau – general will (consensus, “benevolent dictator”)
Montesquieu – need to have checks and balances on the three branches of government
Smith – limited government to keep society stable in order to encourage capitalist trade
Mill – Wanted political freedom for all people, including rights for women

4. Aboriginal Influences
Influential politicians in North America observed the political organization of many powerful Aboriginal groups (eg. Haudenosaunee – Iroquois Confederacy)
Common characteristics
Consensus decision making
Role of leader not one of power, but support for the individual members of the tribe
Adherence to collective norms
Which would be considered collectivist/individualist?

5. From thought to action – the revolutions

6. The American Revolution
“Taxation without representation”
Americans took the ideas of Locke and applied them to their Declaration of Independence
Turn to page 117 in your textbook to see the preamble of the Declaration
There is a dangerous precedence contained in the ideals of revolting against a government, as stated in the Declaration of Independence – what is it?

7. The French Revolution (remember Social 20 – were you paying attention
The Third Estate felt that the king was not listening so they rebelled and formed their own government
Think: what was Locke’s influence ?
At first the new government followed the ideals of liberalism
Abolished feudalism
Creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man

8. Unfortunately, the new government fell into a Reign of Terror as the ideals of liberalism became corrupted
“We must control individuals in order to protect our liberal society”
The re-establishment of monarchies (e.g. Napoleon) and further rebellions created chaos in France for almost ½ century, but those ideals that were the foundation of the revolution in 1789 remained strong and are part of French society today