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Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
The Basics…
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Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy
ATP
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Energy needs of life Animals are energy consumers Aka Heterotrophs
What do we need energy for? synthesis (building for growth) reproduction active transport movement temperature control (making heat) Which is to say… if you don’t eat, you die… because you run out of energy. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics takes over!
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Adenosine TriPhosphate
What is energy in biology? ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate Whoa! HOT stuff!
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Harvesting energy stored in food
Cellular respiration breaking down food to produce ATP in mitochondria using oxygen “aerobic” respiration usually digesting glucose but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins ATP food O2 Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water glucose + oxygen energy + carbon + water dioxide C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6CO2 6H2O +
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Electron transport chain
Cellular Respiration O2 glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron transport chain H2O
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What goes in…(reactants)
O2 (oxygen) Food (glucose) What comes out…(products) CO2 H2O and ATP!!!
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Mitochondria are everywhere!!
animal cells plant cells
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Using ATP to do work? Can’t store ATP ATP too unstable
only used in cell that produces it only short term energy storage carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage Adenosine TriPhosphate work Adenosine DiPhosphate ADP A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen!
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What if oxygen is missing?
No oxygen available = can’t complete aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration also known as fermentation alcohol fermentation lactic acid fermentation no oxygen or no mitochondria (bacteria) can only make very little ATP large animals cannot survive yeast bacteria
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Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation alcohol fermentation yeast glucose ATP + CO2+ alcohol make beer, wine, bread lactic acid fermentation bacteria, animals glucose ATP + lactic acid bacteria make yogurt animals feel muscle fatigue
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Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air
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Plants are energy producers
Like animals, plants need energy to live unlike animals, plants don’t need to eat food to make that energy Plants make both FOOD & ENERGY animals are consumers (heterotroph) plants are producers(autotroph)
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Building plants from sunlight & air
Photosynthesis 2 separate processes ENERGY building reactions collect sun energy use it to make ATP and NADPH SUGAR building reactions take the ATP and NADPH use all to build sugars ATP H2O + CO2 sugars carbon dioxide CO2 water H2O sugars C6H12O6 +
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What do plants need to grow?
Where does it happen? chloroplast Fuels (reactants) sunlight carbon dioxide water The Helpers Enzymes Products Glucose and O2 sun CO2 O2 ATP enzymes sugars H2O
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Chloroplasts are only in plants
animal cells plant cells
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Photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts absorb sunlight & CO2 Leaf Leaves CO2
Chloroplasts in cell Chloroplast Chloroplast Chloroplasts contain Chlorophyll make ENERGY & SUGAR
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Plant structure Chloroplasts Thylakoid membrane contains
double membrane stroma fluid-filled interior thylakoid sacs grana stacks Thylakoid membrane contains chlorophyll molecules Increased surface area! outer membrane inner membrane granum stroma thylakoid A typical mesophyll cell has chloroplasts, each about 2-4 microns by 4-7 microns long. Each chloroplast has two membranes around a central aqueous space, the stroma. In the stroma are membranous sacs, the thylakoids. These have an internal aqueous space, the thylakoid lumen or thylakoid space. Thylakoids may be stacked into columns called grana.
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Pigments of photosynthesis
Chlorophylls & other pigments embedded in thylakoid membrane arranged in a “photosystem” collection of molecules
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A Look at Light The spectrum of color V I B G Y O R
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Light: absorption spectra
Photosynthesis gets energy by absorbing wavelengths of light chlorophyll a absorbs best in red & blue wavelengths & least in green accessory pigments with different structures absorb light of different wavelengths chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls Why are plants green?
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glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy
How are they connected? Respiration glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP + Photosynthesis So, in effect, photosynthesis is respiration run backwards powered by light. Cellular Respiration oxidize C6H12O6 CO2 & produce H2O fall of electrons downhill to O2 exergonic Photosynthesis reduce CO2 C6H12O6 & produce O2 boost electrons uphill by splitting H2O endergonic 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2 light energy + glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide sun + water +
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The Great Circle of Life!
sun Energy cycle Photosynthesis plants H2O CO2 glucose sugars O2 animals, plants Cellular Respiration ATP The Great Circle of Life! Mufasa?
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organic molecules food consumers, heterotrophs release chemical energy
sun Another view… capture light energy Photosynthesis synthesis producers, autotrophs H2O CO2 organic molecules food O2 waste waste waste consumers, heterotrophs digestion Cellular Respiration ATP release chemical energy
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