2. Psychological Disorders
Syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior
Persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, or actions

3. Behavior Is… Deviant-goes against the norm of behavior
Distressful-cause the person (or others) distress…it disturbs them
Dysfunctional-must cause dysfunction in the person’s life (alter daily life)
Dangerous-cause harm to self or others

4. Ancient Treatment
Included trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, and transfused with animal blood

5. Philippe Pinel
Insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession of the mind but an ailment of the mind
Dance in the Madhouse

6. Medical Model
Concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

8. Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior
Psychoanalytic
Unresolved childhood conflicts
Behavioral
Behavior is learned responses (what “reinforces” it to continue)
Cognitive
Believes thoughts and beliefs are the root of the problem—Aaron Beck

9. Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior
Humanistic
People are responsible for their own behavior
Self-concept/self-worth
Sociocultural
Behavior is shaped by family, culture, and society

10. Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior
Biopsychosocial model: assumes biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disorders
Most common view today
For example:
Some disorders occur worldwide (schizophrenia & depression) while others are culture-bound (i.e. “anorexia” & “susto” – fear of black magic in Latin America).

11. DSM-V
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders
DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms (400)
DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures

13. Major Changes in the DSM-V
400 Disorders today….in 1950s only 60
Homosexuality used to be classified as a psychological disorder
Autism is now a single condition called “autism spectrum disorder” (includes Asperger’s and all forms of autism).
Childhood bipolar disorder has a new name – “Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder.”
ADHD is no longer just a childhood disorder. You can be diagnosed with it as an adult.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and binge eating disorder are now official disorders.
Hoarding is now a disorder, NOT a form of OCD.

14. Labeling Psychological Disorders
David Rosenhan (1973) conducted an experiment warning of the biasing power of labeling
Being sane in the insane
“Labeling is disabling”

16. Labeling Jenny is bipolar Jenny is a person with bipolar disorder
Jenny is schizophrenic
Jenny is a person with schizophrenia

17. Types of Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders
Psychotic Disorders
Dissociative/Personality Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
Eating Disorders

18. Mood Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes (ex: depression, mania, or both)

19. Major Depressive Disorder
Person experiences, in the absence of drugs or medical condition, two or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest
Loss of pleasure
Problems regulating appetite
Problems regulating sleep
Difficulty making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness

20. Bipolar Disorder
A person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
Used to be called manic-depressive disorder
Mania-mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

21. Bipolar Brain

22. Famous People with Bipolar

23. Biological Perspective
Heredity – twin studies
Brain function – PET scans have shown lower brain activity during depressed states
Serotonin , Norepinephrine, and dopamine are lacking during times of depression (Prozac & Zoloft help restore serotonin levels by blocking its reuptake).
Norepinephrine is overabundant during mania. Drugs that alleviate mania, reduce norepinephrine.

24. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Learned helplessness
More common in women
Rumination: compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
Explanatory style – who or what they blame for their failures
Stable, internal and global

26. Anxiety Disorders
Characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
The patient fears something awful will happen to them
Intrusive thoughts

27. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy
Symptoms include restlessness, feeling on edge, irritability, sleep disturbance (6 mths)
Autonomic nervous system arousal

28. Panic Disorder
A person experiences sudden minutes-long episodes of intense dread
Experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, numbness, tingling, choking and other frightening sensations

29. Phobias
A person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation

30. Examples of Phobias Name of the phobia: Fear of: Xenophobia Strangers
Ophidiophobia
Snakes
Panaphobia
Everything
Santa Claustrophobia
Stuck in chimneys
Numerophobia
Numbers
Arachnophobia
Spiders
Murophobia
Mice
Mikrophobia
Germs

31. Phobias
Social anxiety disorder: intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such
Agoraphobia: fear or avoidance of situation, such as crowds or wide open places, where one feels loss of control (your own internal control)

33. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsion) that are senseless rituals which cause distress

35. OCD Cycle

37. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
4 or more weeks of: Haunted memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Posttraumatic growth: positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with challenging circumstances

38. The Learning Perspective
Classical & Operant Conditioning – stimulus generalization and reinforcement
Observational learning – seeing someone else respond with fear (i.e. a sibling)
Cognition-our interpretations and irrational beliefs can cause feelings of anxiety

39. The Biological Perspective
Natural selection-evolutionary theory states we are likely to fear situations that posed a threat to ancestors
Genes- heredity (twin studies)
Brain function - fMRI scans of patients with GAD,OCD, and panic attacks have higher anterior cingulate cortex activity