1. AP Review: Personality & Measurement

2. Personality Theories Psychoanalytic
Freud: Unconscious, Id, Ego, Superego, stages of development and fixations. Defense mechanisms
Carl Jung: Personal Unconscious, Collective Unconscious, and Archetypes
Alfred Adler: Striving for superiority, compensation

3. Personality Theories Humanists Free will, people innately good
Self Concept, Self Esteem, Self Actualization
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs
People must feel accepted in order to self actualize

4. Personality Theories
Trait Theories: describing people’s personality through dominant characteristic: honesty, laziness, ambition

5. Personality Traits The Big Five Personalities ( Costa & McCrae )
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientious
Openness to Experience
Consistency: Mood

6. Personality Theory Social Cognitive ( Albert Bandura )
Personality created by interaction between persons traits, environment, and behavior
Triadic Reciprocality – person can add to the environment with their personality, the environment can add to one’s personality
High Self Efficacy: optimistic
Low Self Efficacy: sense of powerlessness

7. Personality Theories Behaviorism ( Skinner )
Behavior is personality, the way people think is meaningless
Behavior determined by the environment
Change the environment, change the personality

8. Personality Assessments
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
( MMPI )
Self report inventory questions
No evaluator bias
Problems
People may be dishonest
Social Desirability Bias
Responsibility Sets

9. Personality Assessments
Thematic Apperception Test ( TAT )
Projective Test
Participant is shown a number of pictures that have people in ambiguous situation
Individuals describe what they see
- Projective tests – results open to interpretation, possibly unreliable

10. Personality Assessment
Rorschach Test: Inkblot

11. Cultural Differences and Personality
Big Five Traits universal
Possibly some cultural differences between nations on some traits
Individualism: personal goals put ahead of the
group
Collectivism: putting groups goals ahead of
personal goals

12. Culture & Personality
Self Concept - USA: independent, individualistic - East Asia: Interdependent, the self is interconnected with group

13. Testing & Individual Differences
Intelligence is the ability to gather and use information in productive ways. Abstract Measures: Fluid Intelligence – reasoning ability, memory capacity, speed of information processing Crystallized Intelligence: ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving

14. Culture & Intelligence
There are racial differences in IQ scores Most psychologists attribute differences due to environmental situations such as - socioeconomic factors ( poverty ) - test bias

15. Intelligence Theory
Charles Spearman: Intelligence consists of specific abilities that come down to one factor, the g Factor Howard Gardner: multiple intelligences; linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, body – kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist

16. Intelligence Theories
Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory
Componential or Analytic Intelligence
traditional intelligence & skills
2. Experimental & Creative Intelligence
3. Contextual / Practical Intelligence

17. Test Design
Standardization: piloted by test groups to establish test norms Reliability: Consistency of the test as a measurement Validity: did test measure what it is suppose to measure?

18. Test Measurement Normal Curve:
Mean ( average ) center of the curve is set at
100
68% of scores will fall within one standard
deviation from the mean
95% of scores will fall within 2 standard
deviations from the mean

19. Disability
Retarded / intellectual disability IQ = 70 – 75, 1.5% of population Mild: can be self supporting Moderate: 40 – 55 semi independent Severe: 25 – 40 Total support needed Profound: under 25 Total care

20. Gifted
Rely heavily on IQ IQ over 130 Schools consider top 2% - 3%

21. People
Alfred Binet Francis Galton Howard Gardner Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg Louis Terman David Wechsler