1. Behavior Therapy

2. History Ivan Pavlov Emphasis on environment Conditioning
Radical departure from psychoanalysis
Conditioning
Albert Bandura & B.F. Skinner
Integration with Cognitive Theory

3. View of Human Nature
Human behavior is governed by basic learning principles
Humans are neither good nor bad; they react to their environment
All people are capable of modifying behaviors under the right circumstances

4. Basic Characteristics of all Behavior Therapy
Practical
Symptoms seen as problems in living
Empirically derived
Requires patient collaboration
Acknowledges underlying precursors of symptoms, but focuses on the present
Sees behavior (normal and abnormal) as learned
Treatment driven by functional analysis of behavior (ABCs)

5. Sample Functional Analysis
Antecedent B
Behavior C
Consequence
Job Stress
Driving Car
Watching TV
Anxiety
Smoke a Cigarette
Satisfaction
Relaxation/Calm
Lung Diseases
Cardiac Illnesses
Discoloration of Teeth/Skin

6. Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Dogs
Unconditioned stimulus- food
Unconditioned response- salivation
Conditioned stimulus- bell
Watson
Little Albert
Joseph Wolpe
counterconditioning

7. B.F. Skinner & Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
Negative
Positive
Punishment
Extinction
Shaping
Token Economies
Stimulus Control

8. Helpful Hint
Remember in behavioral terms “positive” and “negative” are used differently than in general language
Positive = Add
Negative = Take Away

9. Add Stimulus Remove Stimulus
Operant Learning
Add Stimulus Remove Stimulus
If you want the behavior to increase
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
If you want the behavior to decrease
Punishment
Extinction

10. Albert Bandura & Social Learning
Paved the way for cognitive integration
Importance of attitudes and perception
Observational Learning/ Modeling
Role Playing
Self-efficacy

11. Therapeutic Relationship
Counselor is warm educator or guide, but also expert in behavioral theory and techniques
Teach clients to control their own behavior
Open and honest about how and why techniques work
Client and counselor agree on goals
Counselor can act as a positive reinforcer

12. Assessment Very important! Behavioral Interview
Concrete terms
Look for triggers and reinforcement
Inventories and ratings
Personal behavior recording/ charting

13. Process of Therapy Action oriented Straightforward
Emphasis on present and behavior
Past exploration and insight are NOT emphasized
Homework
Brief

14. Desensitization and Exposure Techniques
Systematic Desensitization & Relaxation Methods
Progressive deep muscle relaxation
Anxiety hierarchy
In Vivo Desensitization
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Exposure Therapy

15. Assertiveness Training
1. Learn difference between assertive, passive, and aggressive responses
2. Assess your responses
3. Develop assertive responses for specific situations
4. Think through risks of being assertive
5. Rehearse assertive behavior
6. Try out in real situation
7. Maintain new behavior

16. Self-Management 1. Setting a goal 2. Monitoring behavior
3. Altering environment and generating action steps
4. Generating reinforcements
5. Maintaining gains

17. Multimodal Therapy Arnold Lazarus BASIC ID “technical eclecticism”
Behavior
Affect (emotion)
Sensations (physiological reaction)
Images
Cognitions
Interpersonal Relationships
Drugs (physical health)

18. Multicultural Effectiveness
Strengths
Influence of environment
Affordable and short term- available to lower SES populations
Limitations
Separating behavior, cognition, and affect
Different meaning of reinforcers

19. Primary Applications Children and adolescents Career Counseling
schools
Career Counseling
Group Therapy
Behavioral Medicine and Prevention Programs
Substance abuse
Criminal Justice
Couples and families

20. Managed Care Love it! Concrete observable goals Empirically supported
Can see progress
Empirically supported
Short-term

21. Integration Client-centered Cognitive Solution-focused
Psychodynamic- rare but possible
NOT Existential or Gestalt

22. Criticism Pro Development of techniques Grounded in research Effective
Brief
Clients like it’s straightforward nature
Con
Neglects internal processes
Temporary
Treats symptoms not cause